One is because we understand the bone marrow system so much better than we understand all the other stem cell systems.

一个原因就是我们对骨髓系统的认识,远高于其他干细胞系统

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This is a way for the immune system to recognize things that are going wrong inside the cell protected from antibodies.

这是免疫系统识别,抗体不能识别的细胞内病变的方法

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.

它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Other cells in the immune system recognizing that this is a foreign molecule, but is being presented in the context of a 'self' cell.

免疫系统中的其他一些细胞,识别到它是非己物质,但它已经被识别为己方细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This is a really interesting system because it also solves a problem for the cell.

这真的是一个有意思的系统,因为它也解决了细胞面对的难题

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If you think about receptor ligand system as an input into the cell.

如果将受体-配体系统看作,细胞的一种输入机制的话

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.

通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system.

但这种抗原呈递细胞更加类似于,专职抗原呈递细胞,或者是体内免疫细胞中的一个亚群,专门从事吞噬异己物质,并告知免疫系统的其他细胞的工作

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Here, what's different between autocrine and paracrine is that there's some distance between the cell that produces the signal and the cell that receives the signal, but it's not too great a distance because the blood system doesn't have to be involved.

自分泌和旁分泌的区别在于,旁分泌中,产生信号的细胞和接收信号的细胞,之间存在着一定的距离,但这个距离并不远,因为血液系统并不参与

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Here, I've just picked a couple of the pictures that I showed you last time when we were talking about cell communication in the immune system, What happens after the vaccine is introduced into your body is that it initiates cellular events.

我挑选了,我上次给你们展示的几幅图片,当我们讨论到,免疫系统中的细胞沟通时,讲到过当人体接种疫苗之后,能够触发,细胞活动

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

How is your immune system going to recognize that this virus is there causing bad results if it's living inside of a cell and doing all its business inside a cell where antibodies can't get to it?

你的免疫系统怎样才能识别,作恶多端的病毒呢,如果它隐藏在细胞中进行繁殖,而抗体又无法进入细胞,那该怎么办

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.

获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So this cell, wherever it's setting, wherever it is positioned within the nervous system let's say in the cortex somewhere or the outside surface of the brain is able to communicate with a region of the brain that's in this direction, a region in this direction, a region in this direction, a region in this direction.

所以这个细胞 无论它在何处,无论它在神经系统中安身何处,就比方说它位于大脑皮层上吧,即位于大脑外表面上的某处,它可以同,这一方向上的脑域进行交流,也可以是这个方向,也可以是这个方向,也可以是这个方向

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, those wrong proteins get presented on MHC1 and your immune system can kill the cell because it's a tumor cell.

所以 当这些错误的蛋白,同MHC1一起被呈递,你的免疫系统就可以消灭这些肿瘤细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选