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So, the size still for an s orbital is larger than for a d orbital, but what we say is that an s electron can actually penetrate closer to the nucleus.
轨道的尺寸比,ｐ轨道还是要大，但我们说的是ｓ轨道可以,穿透到更接近原子核的地方。
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And we know that it's electron density between the nuclei that holds two atoms together in a bond.
我们知道是两个原子核之间的,电子密度保持两个原子在一起成键的。
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So this tells you that it's electron structure that governs.
这告诉你们,都是电子结构在支配。
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So there's electron density above the bond and below the bond.
所以在键轴上面和下面都有电荷密度。
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And for the s electron, since it can get closer, what we're going to see is that s electrons are actually less shielded than the corresponding p electrons.
对于s电子，因为它可以离得更近，我们可以看到s电子事实上,相对于p电子受到,更少的屏蔽。
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So, why don't you take a look at this and tell me which are possible for a 2 s electron in a lithium atom where z 3 is going to be equal to three?
你们为什么不看一下这个然后告诉我对,于一个锂原子中的2s电子哪些是可能,的？它的有效电荷量,可能等于？
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Same sort of subtraction problem, what do we have for the ionization energy of the 2 s electron?
进行类似的减法运算,得到的，2，s，电子的电离能应该是多大呢？
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So let's think about the energy required now to remove a 2 s electron, let's say we're removing it from boron plus 1 versus neutral boron.
那么让我们来想一想,拿走一个，2，s，电子所消耗的能量，假设一个是从正一价硼离子中拿走1,另一个是从中性硼原子中拿走。
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And that's what you want because the electron repulsion is only felt when you are in really, really close.
而那就是你想要的,因为电子间的斥力只有当它们,离得非常非常近时才能感觉得到。
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So what we're saying here is the incident energy, so the energy coming in, is just equal to the minimum energy that's required to eject an electron.
这里我们来讨论一下，入射能量正好等于,发射出一个电子所需要的最低能量的情况。
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But still, when we're talking about the radial probability distribution, what we actually want to think about is what's the probability of finding the electron in that shell?
但当我们讲到径向概率分布时,我们想做的是考虑，在某一个壳层里,找到电子的概率,就把它想成是蛋壳？
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So let's draw the electron configuration of hydrogen, the molecule, molecular hydrogen.
让我们来画氢原子的,电子构型，分子，氢分子。
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So, that's actually the electron configuration we have when we're talking about copper and some other exceptions in the periodic table that you're going to be looking at.
因此，这才是铜原子真正的电子排布,而且我们在元素周期表中,会看到与铜原子类似的,其他例外的情况。
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And we can also write this in an even simpler form, which is what's called electron configuration, and this is just a shorthand notation for these electron wave functions.
而且我们也可以将它，写为一个更简单的形式，它叫做电子构型,这个仅仅是这些电子波函数的。
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And let's say our second electron now is really far away, such that it's actually not going to shield any of the nuclear charge at all from that first electron.
距离原子核非常非常近,我们说第二个电子处于非常远的位置,这样它不会对第一个电子,感受到的来自原子核的电荷量有任何屏蔽作用,我们最后要说的是。
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Let's imagine this is the electron in its orbit.
想象一下，电子在它的轨道中。
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The electron's going to come out of that highest occupied atomic orbital, that one that's the highest in energy, because that's going to be the at least amount of energy it needs to eject something.
这个电子应该是从,最高的被占据轨道上出来的，它的能级是最高的，因为这样的话发射出它,只需要消耗最少的能量。
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This should make sense, because if an atom has a very high electron affinity, that means it's really happy taking an electron from another atom, or taking a free electron -- that that's very favorable.
这应该是合理的，因为如果一个原子有很高的电子亲和能，这意味着,它非常乐意从另外一个原子那里夺取一个电子，或者得到一个自由电子--这是非常利于发生的。
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So, if we want to think about what the first ionization energy is of boron, what you want to do is write out the electron configuration, because then you can think about where it is that the electron's coming out of.
如果我们要考虑,硼的第一电离能，你首先要做的是写出它的电子排布，因为在这之后,你才能知道拿走的是哪里的电子。
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It's got an average valence electron energy of about 16 eV, 16.5 eV, which is a lot greater than 11.
它的平均价电子能,大约是16eV，16。5eV，那比11要多很多。
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So, we see that the two h atoms separate have a certain energy that's lower than when the electron's not with the atom.
那么，我们看到两个分开的氢原子所具有的能量,比原子中没有电子时更低。
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So we can use an equation to relate the incident energy and the kinetic energy to the ionization energy, or the energy that's required to eject an electron.
因此我们可以用一个公式将入射能量,与动能和电离能，就是发射出一个电子所需要的能量关联起来。
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What people did is they said let's define a unit of energy that represents a unit charge accelerated across a unit potential difference, and let's call that the electron volt.
前人们所做的就是他们说让我们确定,一个能量单位用来代表一单位电荷,加速穿过形成的一单位电势差，我们叫它电子伏特。
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I'm going to say that an electron's a wave no matter how much my father says differently, and I'm going to get a Nobel Prize for that, and he does.
我要说电子是一个波,无法这与我父亲的观点如何对立，我也要为此得到一个诺贝尔奖，他确实做到了。
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Again we have the charge of the nucleus on plus 2, +2 but let's say this time the electron now is going to be very, very close to the nucleus.
对于我们的氦原子，我们有一次得到了原子核电荷量为,但是我们说这次电子。
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But the reason that I like that analogy is that it points out a very important part of spin, and that's the idea that it's a description of the electron.
但我喜欢这个类比的原因是因为,它指出了自旋非常重要的一面，那就是它是一种电子的描述。
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It's called this just because it's an electron that results when an electron absorbs a photon's worth of energy, so thus it's a photoelectron.
之所以这样称呼是因为,当一个电子吸收,一个光子的能量的结果，因此它是一个光电子。
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So it's just a measure of how much does one given atom want to pull away electron density from, let's say, an adjacent atom.
因此，它就是度量一个给定原子有多么,想把电子密度拉过来，可以说，从相邻的一个原子那里。
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So, I've got something that's one electron away from the electronic structure of neon.
所以，我知道了钠的电子结构和氖,只差一个电子。
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s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 This has the electron configuration of 1 s 2, 2 s 2, and 2 p 6.
它的电子排布是。
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