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"If a woman gets breast cancer in the developing world, they has a much higher probability of dying than a woman who gets breast cancer in the developed world."
VOA: standard.2010.02.02
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If you had a course in probability and statistics, then you'll find it easy to follow, but it's self-contained again.
如果你们学过统计学或者概率论,你们会比较容易理解,也需要你们独立学习
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we have Nala and he meets this man, Rituparna, and this is where a probability theory apparently comes in.
有那勒,他遇到的这个人,叫睿都巴若那,这就到了讲概率论的时候了
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The answer is, in fact, there is zero, absolutely zero probability of finding a electron here.
实际上它在这里是为零的，在这里找到电子的概率严格等于零。
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What I want to do is I want to draw a picture here, in which on the horizontal axis, I'm going to put the probability of the other guy choosing Right.
我要在这里画一张图,坐标系的横轴,表示对手选右的概率
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For those of you who have had a course in probability and statistics, there will be nothing new here.
对于已经,学过概率和统计的同学来说,这堂课就没什么新鲜的了
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I want to emphasize that it hasn't always been that way and that probability is really a concept that arose in the 1600s.
我想说,概率的表述并非一贯如此,这个概念成型于十七世纪
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And if we go ahead and square that, then what we get is a probability density, and specifically it's the probability of finding an electron in a certain small defined volume away from the nucleus.
我们得到的是，一个概率密度，它是，在核子周围，某个很小的,特定区域,找到电子的概率,所以它是概率密度。
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Another important concept in probability theory that we will use a lot is expected value, the mean, or average-- those are all roughly interchangeable concepts.
概率论中另外一个常用的重要的概念是,期望值或者也叫均值,这两个概念可以互换
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Hacking believes that there were many gambling theorists who invented probability theory at various times in history but never wrote it down and kept it as a secret.
哈金相信历史上有很多赌博理论家,曾多次构想了概率论,但从来没有记录下来,并且恐为人知
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In order to understand probability, you have to take things as coming from a random event and people don't clearly have that in their mind from an intuitive standpoint.
为了理解概率,你要把事件想象成是随机发生的,但人们没有那样,清晰直观的认识
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The institution of insurance is something that really came in--it's one of the earliest-- I consider it a division of finance-- really came in the 1600s when probability theory was invented.
保险机构的出现,我认为这是金融业中,最早的分支之一,大约在17世纪,概率论刚刚诞生
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So because we're feeling a stronger attractive force from the nucleus, we're actually pulling that electron in closer, which means that the probability squared of where the electron is going to be is actually a smaller radius.
因为我们能感到来自原子核,的更强的吸引力，我们实际上会将电子拉的更近，那意味着电子运动的,概率半径是,事实上是一个更小的半径。
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If the probability is 1 in 1,000 that a house burns down and there are 1,000 houses, then the probability that they all burn down is 1/1000 to the 1000th power, which is virtually zero.
如果一栋房子着火的概率是千分之一,然后假设有1000栋房子,那么这一千栋房子全都着火被烧掉的概率,就等于千分之一的一千次方,基本上就是0了
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So, it was in the 1600s that probability theory started to get written down as a theory and many things then happened in that century that, I think, are precursors both to finance and insurance.
所以直到十七世纪,概率论,才被记录下来,形成理论,并且在那个世纪里诞生了,金融和保险的雏形
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The idea really took root--the idea, the intuitive idea is that as you write a large number of policies, the fraction that will result in accidents becomes closer and closer to the probability of one accident.
这种观点建立在...,观点是,只要你签的保单足够多,事故占保单总数的比例就会越来越接近,事故发生的概率
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So, if we say that in this entire plane we have zero probability of finding a p electron anywhere in the plane, the plane goes directly through the nucleus in every case but a p orbital, so what we can also say is that there is zero probability of finding a p electron at the nucleus.
而只要是ｐ轨道,这个平面都直接，穿过原子核，那么我们,可以说在原子核上,找到一个ｐ电子的概率为零。
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So, that can be a little bit confusing for us to think about, and when it's a very good question you might, in fact, say well, maybe there's not zero probability here, maybe it's just this teeny, teeny, tiny number, and in fact, sometimes an electron can get through, it's just very low probability so that's why we never really see it.
这想起来有点令人困惑，你们可能会说也许，这里的概率并不是严格的为零，而是非常非常小，所以有时电子就可以穿过去，这是个,很好的想法。
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This is the payoff to Player I of choosing Middle against Right, and the line in between, this line here, is the expected payoff to Player I of choosing Middle as a function of the probability that other people choose Right.
这条表示对手选右时参与人选中的收益,两个端点中间的线段部分,表示参与人I选右的预期收益,它是对手选右概率的一个方程
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So if we compare l increasing here, so a 3 s to a 3 p to a 3 d, what we find is that it's only in the s orbital that we have a significant probability of actually getting very close to the nucleus.
我们比较当ｌ变大的时候，从３ｓ到３ｐ到３ｄ,我们可以发现只有ｓ轨道,有很大的概率,非常接近原子核。
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I'm not going to expand on this because I can't get into-- This is not a course in probability theory but I'm hopeful that you can see the formula and you can apply it.
我不准备拓展这一部分,毕竟这节课不是概率论,但我希望你们能记住这个公式,并且学会应用
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You would think that any rational woman in the nineteenth century would reflect on the fact that there's a significant probability that her husband will die of something while you still have children.
你可能会觉得当时任何一名理性的妇女,都会意识到他们丈夫很可能会在,孩子长大之成人前去世
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