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For a real gas it depends on more than the temperature STUDENT: Are there any other constraints similar to that .
而对实际气体，这是不对的,它的内能不仅仅依赖于温度,学生：有其他,类似的约束吗？
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The last time you saw that for an ideal gas, the energy only cared about the temperature.
上次你们知道了，理想气体的能量只与温度有关。
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Avogadro was a professor of chemistry at the University of Turin who did a lot of work on gas laws, understanding the number of gas particles in a given volume at a given temperature.
阿伏加德罗是一个化学教授,在都灵大学,他做了很多关于气体定律的研究，了解气体微粒,在特定的容量和温度下的数目。
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Now, we saw before, or really I should say we accepted before, that for an ideal gas, u was a function of temperature only.
我们已经看到,或者说我们已经接受这样一个事实，即理想气体的内能只和温度有关。
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The only function it is -- it doesn't care where the gas is. It only cares where the temperature is.
是温度的函数,它只是温度的函数,不管是什么气体。
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And that will end up winning out at basically any realistic temperature where the stuff really is a gas.
在体系仍然处于气体状态的温度下,熵战胜了能量。
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Hydrogen gas it's in its most stable state, right at room temperature and pressure.
和常压下氢气是氢元素，最稳定的状态，这个小“0“
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H for an ideal gas is only a function of temperature. This is not true for a real gas fortunately, but it's true for an ideal gas.
不正确的,但是幸运的是,对于理想气体是完全正确的。
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So that you could see that for the ideal gas, u would not be a function of volume, but only of temperature.
所以我们可以看到对理想气体，内能不依赖于体积，而仅仅是温度的函数。
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I want to cool a gas with a Joule-Thomson experiment, what temperature do I have to be at?
给气体降温时,需要到达什么温度？
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So for an ideal gas, we saw that u was only a function of temperature.
对于理想气体，我们知道内能只是温度的函数。
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B=0 There's going to be some temperature where B is equal to zero. In that case, your gas is going to look awfully like an ideal gas.
在某个温度,这时，实际气体的表现，十分接近理想气体,高于这一温度它是正的。
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HBr They form HBr which is a gas at room temperature and one bar, right.
和常压下是液体，它们生成了,在室温和1巴下是气体。
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And so an experiment said the gas didn't increase its temperature when it expanded the vacuum.
这个实验告诉你,气体在向真空膨胀的过程,中温度没有升高。
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Now in this particular reaction, I've got hydrogen gas, iron solid. Those already are elements in their most stable forms at room temperature and pressure.
特定的反应中，我有氢气,固态铁，这些都已经是,处于室温和常压下,最稳定的元素单质。
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Joule actually did this experiment, and he observed that for the gas expansions that he could do, that the temperature did not increase measurably.
事实上焦耳的确做了这个实验，他做到了,他能达到的最好实验要求，发现在可测量范围内没有观察到温度上升。
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So for an ideal gas then, dH/dp under 0 constant temperature, that has to be equal to zero.
所以对于理想气体,偏H偏p在恒温下，等于。
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When you expand a real gas into vacuum, the temperature goes down.
当一个真实气体，向真空膨胀咱的时候温度会下降。
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OK, you use the ideal gas law, etc., then you get a relationship that connects the pressure and the temperature, like here we got a relationship that connected the temperatures and the volumes together.
我们会得到，一个联系初末态,的压强和温度的，关系式,就像这个联系过程中。
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We just treated the one case of an ideal gas as the temperature is reduced.
我们只是讨论了温度下降时,理想气体的行为。
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Ideal gas only depends on the temperature, the energy only depends on the temperature.
只依赖于温度，因此等温过程中。
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Stays a gas, but now the pressure is less, the temperature is less.
它仍然是气态但现在压强变小了，温度降低了。
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let's use the ideal gas law to get rid of the temperature.
我们用理想气体定律,来消去温度。
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Ideal gas would be the same temperature.
而理想气体的话两边温度将一样。
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But now, so this is where the refrigeration comes in. So if you take a gas, and you're below the inversion temperature and you make it go through this irreversible process, the gas comes out colder from that side than that side.
这就是冰箱的原理,如果在低于转变温度,的情况下我们将气体经过,这个不可逆过程,气体出来的温度将比这边低。
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What happened to the temperature in a Joule expansion in ideal gas?
对理想气体,焦耳-汤姆逊膨胀过程中温度如何变化？
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Or in many kinds of gas refrigerators where you push a gas through a nozzle close to room temperature, what you find is that the gas coming out on the other side under lower pressure is cooler than the gas that went through on the other side.
或者在很多种压缩气体式冰箱中,你让气体通过接近室温的管口,你会发现从压力低的一边,出来的气体比通过,另一边的气体更冷,真正的冰箱实际上通过。
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The ideal gas constant doesn't change, temperature doesn't change, and so v we just have minus nRT integral V1, V2, dV over V.
理想气体常数不变，温度也不变，因此,是负的nRT，积分从v1到v2，dv除以。
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RT So it's delta u plus RT, we can say T1 is the n temperature we've used here, delta n of the gas.
所以它应该是ΔU加,我们可以在这里用T1，气体的Δ
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Therefore, from experiments, u is only a function of temperature for an ideal gas, H and therefore from these experiments, 0 we come out with delta H dH/dp is equal to zero.
因此，从实验可以得出,对于理想气体u只是温度的态函数，因此从这些实验中我们得到Δ,偏H偏p等于。
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