We can go back to ancient Egypt where there khemeia is reference in the hieroglyphs to term khemeia, which, among other things, meant chemical processes for embalming the dead.

我们可以追溯到古埃及,那的象形文字提到了词语,这是，在其他事情当中，意味着,化学过程处理防腐尸体。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

And so now, instead of using these reference points for the Kelvin scale, we use the absolute zero, which isn't going to care what the pressure is.

就像理想气体温标,与气体的种类无关一样，具有普适性，在开尔文温标中。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

Ian Hacking, who wrote a history of probability theory, searched through world literature for any reference to a probability and could find none anywhere before 1600.

伊恩·哈金为概率论追根溯源,他查遍世界所有关于概率的文献,发现无法追溯到十七世纪以前

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

And, in a rare moment of sort of personal self-reflection or self-reference, he notes somewhat drolly that the novelty of his ideas will make it difficult for them to find an audience.

虽然他很少对自己的思想,进行自我反思或自我参照，但他还是自嘲地写道,那些新奇的思想会让它们,很难找到读者。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

So, one thing they did, because it was so easy to measure kinetic energy of electrons, is plot the frequency of the light against the kinetic energy of the electron that's coming off here. And in your notes and on these slides here, just for your reference, I'm just pointing out what's going to be predicted from classical physics.

他们做的其中一件事,因为测量电子动能是很容易的，就是画出光的频率,和出射电子动能之间的关系,在讲义的这里，仅仅是,为了做个比较，我要指出，经典物理所给出的预测,这个不作为对你们的要求。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

This is generally the general introduction of the brain that I wanted to provide, giving the framework for what I'll be talking about later on throughout the course so that I might later on make reference to neurons or neurotransmitters or the cortex or the left hemisphere and you'll sort of have the background to understand what I'm talking about.

以上这些就是我所要讲的,关于大脑的综述,为我以后要讲的课程,建立起框架,往后我可能会提到神经元,神经递质,大脑皮层,或是大脑左半球,而拥有了背景知识的你们,便能够理解我在讲些什么

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Now, when you starting looking for next week, you are going to see reference to a chapter, which is in the core text, and you will also see this LN, LN, LN archives.

现在，当你们开始为下礼拜阅读的时候，你们要看一章的参考资料，也就是核心文本，你们也要看这个LN档案。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So, you assign values to very specific states of matter and call those the reference points for your temperature. For instance, freezing of water or boiling of water, the standard ones.

那么你对物质的,某些特殊状态指定数值,把它们叫做你的温度的参考点,比如水的冰点或沸点,它们都是标准。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选