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Doctor Kakarala says the cancer-fighting treatments known as chemotherapy do not control tumors containing cancer stem cells.
VOA: special.2010.06.01
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That's obvious when you look at neurons and it will be obvious when we look at other kinds of cells as well.
当你看到神经元细胞时,这一点就一目了然了,我们观察其它细胞时也是如此
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We talk about cells as being kind of the fundamental unit of humans and other multi-cellular organisms.
我们某种意义上把细胞视为,人体和其它多细胞生物的基本单位
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Stem cells have the ability to grow other cells, such as heart, nerve or brain cells.
VOA: special.2010.06.15
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And then when we got to more of a cellular level, that we could actually understand how our body worked as low of a level as thinking about cells.
肺怎么工作，我们到了细胞的层面上研究问题,从细胞的角度理解给我们身体,怎么工作就更加有趣了。
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As they do this, they destroy the cells.
VOA: special.2010.04.20
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Once you have a difference that occurs, two cells are difference, those differences can propagate as the cells continue to divide.
一旦产生差异,产生两个不同的细胞,这些差异会伴随着,细胞分裂过程代代相传
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When the mechanical properties of this new cartilage were tested, they showed that the regenerated cells were just as effective as the rabbit's naturally formed cartilage.
VOA: standard.2010.08.11
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In fact, they're no longer capable of reproducing; all they can do is exist as red blood cells and then die.
事实上,红细胞已经不能再增殖了,它们所能做的只是,作为红细胞过完一生然后死去
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"The detainees were kept naked for weeks, months at a time - kept in very small cells, whose temperatures were kept artificially low, sometimes to the extent that the naked detainees, as one official said,seemed to turn blue,"
VOA: standard.2009.03.23
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If this happens correctly, each of the new cells has exactly the same composition as the parent cell.
如果一切正常,每一个新细胞都会,和亲代细胞在组成上完全一致
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Then maybe those new cells you put in would function as a totally natural artificial pancreas.
那些新植入的细胞可能会起到,与健康个体的胰腺细胞相同的作用
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And this is what's characteristic of smallpox, is that as the virus spreads through your body, it particularly, it particularly affects cells of your skin.
这是天花的特征,当病毒传遍全身时,它特别的,特别地作用于皮肤细胞
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They're not quite as potent as the cells from earlier because they've now differentiated somewhat.
它们不如早些的细胞有那样多的潜能,因为它们已经分化到一定程度了
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Hopefully each one of those cells is containing one or more of the plasmids that you're interested in and those are being copied as well.
如果顺利的话每个细菌里都含有,一个或更多我们所感兴趣的质粒,而它们也正在被复制
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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.
分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子
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Hemoglobin, as you know, is an oxygen carrier and so red blood cells concentrate in bags of hemoglobin which circulate in your blood and they carry oxygen.
众所周知,血红蛋白可以携带氧气,含有大量血红蛋白的红细胞,在全身循环,以携带氧气
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There's one division, here it shows it at the 16 cell stage and then here, and this transformation as it goes from 16 cells to more like 64 cells.
这是第一次分裂,这里显示的是十六细胞期,然后在这里,在这里胚胎进一步的产生了变化,由十六个细胞分裂为约六十四个
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We're going to talk as we go through about the concept of stem cells and how stem cells are related to development and what's so special about stem cells.
在以后的课程中我们会学到,干细胞的概念,干细胞和发育的关系,以及干细胞的特殊之处
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As we've found cells from adult organisms that seem to be multipotential and studied them more carefully, some of their potentials turn out to be lost, they're not exactly the same.
因为我们在成人机体中找到,这些看上去是多能干细胞的细胞后,仔细研究后发现它们的一些潜能已经丢失,和胚胎中的那些并不一样
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Pieces of your own cells are antigens as well.
你自身细胞的碎片也是抗原
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That is also an advantage of using them as gene therapy vehicles because they will only infect cells that they are - that they have an affinity for or that they're prone to affect.
非常有利于将其,作为基因治疗的载体使用,因为它们只能感染那些--,它们对之具有亲和性,或者说它们倾向于去感染的细胞
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The same thing with these cells here, as these cells undergo continual divisions, they're changing in ways that make them mature, that make them more like the mature cells of the nervous system, for example, if that's where they end up being but they're losing potential as they go through that differentiation process.
细胞也是这样,在连续分裂的过程中,它们愈发成熟,比如说,变得越来越像,神经系统细胞,如果它们最终将构成神经系统的话,那它们在分化的过程中,就失去了许多潜能
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We'll talk about cells and how they work, how cells in different parts of the body are different, why, and how they contribute to tissues at a very sort of simple level so that you can understand this as we start thinking about using cells for engineering purposes.
我们将会谈论细胞,它们如何工作,身体不同的部位细胞有怎样的不同,为什么它们有所不同,以及这些细胞如何,以十分简单的方式形成组织,这样当我们开始考虑用细胞,来满足工程目的时,你会更容易理解
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I digressed a little from this diagram but I think you've gotten the picture that as I move to more adult organisms, as I move to more specific regions of the brain, for example, I can still find progenitor cells that have some potential.
我不太认同这张图表,不过我认为随着我说到成人机体,你们已经在脑海中有这样的概念了,我在更特异性的区域,比如大脑中,仍能找到有一定潜能的祖细胞
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