But many, particularly two-- bureaucracies and powerful standing military forces-- are characteristics of modern states.

这些变革,尤其是官僚机构和强大的军队,这两方面是现代国家的特征

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Two ways of measuring how this happened and what difference it made is to realize, to return to what I said earlier, that big state structures involve bureaucracies.

如果要弄懂贵族如何获利,以及贵族获利所引起的改变,我们必须意识到大国必须建立官僚机构,我在前面曾提到过这一点

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

But these are royal bureaucracies that expand dramatically in size.

但是我们现在讨论的王室官僚体系,却是一个庞然大物

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

But yet when you look at all of this, you can see that the kind of chaos, the political upheavals finds in response in the growth of central government authority and the growth of bureaucracies.

不过当你纵观全局时,你会看到这种混乱状态,特别是政治动乱是与中央政权,和官僚体系的发展紧密相关的

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选