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If you take one of those individual grains of sodium chloride, look at it carefully, you will see the edges look like this.
如果你拿起,氯化钠晶体的一粒，仔细观察，你可以看到这样的棱角。
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So this validates de Broglie and it also validates the whole concept of wave-particle duality.
这就证实了德布罗意的观点,也证实了,波粒二象性的原理。
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Again, these plasmids occur naturally in nature; they were discovered particularly in micro-organisms have plasmids that confer biological properties onto them.
此外,质粒存在于自然界中,质粒是在微生物中发现的,它们也赋予了微生物一些生物学特性
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I was bobbing my head, so maybe I better bob my head again and sure enough another piece of corn comes.
我一直在摇头晃脑,那我最好继续摇头晃脑,这样的话我就能再得到一粒谷粒
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Now, they're offered--You take the red one away and now they're offered a choice between the two remaining ones.
现在把红色那粒拿走,在剩下的两粒中选一粒。
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When they started to calculate how much rice would be need to fill up all blocks, all the way to 2 to the power 63.
当他们开始计算,需要多少粒米填满所有方格时，从第二格到第63格。
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There's even eating meditation, you did it once with me, and I've done this in other places where you take a raisin and you put it into your mouth, and you take a minute to eat this raisin.
甚至还有食禅，我们一起试过一次，我也在别的地方试过,你拿着一粒葡萄干,放入嘴中，花一分钟时间吃掉这粒葡萄干。
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We remove a pebble, system expands.
移开一粒小石子，系统膨胀一点。
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I apply ligase, and I've got the plasmid that I had before but now with my gene, colored green here,inserted.
我用连接酶,就能在质粒中把基因,这里绿色的部分,插进去
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But he started--the pigeons started to think, effectively, what was it I did just before that last piece of corn came?
那些鸽子会想,上一粒谷粒掉过来之前我做了什么
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Get a gene, put it in a plasmid, get that plasmid expressed in a host, could even be a bacterial host,right?
把一个基因导入一个质粒,让质粒在宿主中表达,这个宿主甚至可以是细菌,对吧
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And the claim is that when you choose this, in order to justify your decision, you denigrate the one you didn't choose.
对这个行为的解释是，当你选这一粒时，为了表明你的选择是正确的，你会贬低第一次没选上的那粒。
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So the inventor of the chess game said, "Ok. What I like is on the first block, first square, I would like one grain of rice.
于是象棋发明者说，“好吧，我希望，在第一个方格上，我想要一粒大米。
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On the third, four grains of rice and so on and so on.
第三个方格四粒大米，以此类推。
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Wave particle duality had been applied to photons.
波粒二象性应用于光子上。
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It turns out, to a tremendous degree, and you could imagine yourself in that situation, they choose this one, the one that wasn't the one they turned down.
结果发现，非常大的程度上，你们也可以想象实验对象是你自己，他们选了这一粒，不是他们第一次没选的那粒。
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One of the things about these plasmids that makes them very useful is that their entire base pair sequences is known.
质粒之所以有用,其中一个原因就是,它的全部碱基序列都是已知的
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It has to have an origin of replication, which we talked about last time, which is compatible with the cells.
所以质粒必须带有复制起点,我们上次讲过,该起点要与受体细胞匹配
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Or you could ask the question, I have this restriction enzyme, at what regions on this plasmid will it cut?
你也可以这样问,我的这种限制性内切酶,会从质粒的哪个区域切开呢
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Now how do you find those colonies on a plate that have the plasmid that you want?
那我们如何辨别培养基上的哪些菌落,有我们需要的质粒呢
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The first step in the process is to take our plasmid which we've selected, and to insert the gene that we want into it.
这个过程的第一步,是取得我们选择的质粒,把我们需要的基因插入到里面
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How would I put a gene that I'm interested in into a plasmid?
怎么把我想要的基因整合到质粒上呢
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The second issue is that the gene vector, in this case the plasmid, has to be compatible with the cells that you're trying to express the gene in.
接下来的问题是如何选择合适的基因载体,在这里用到的,质粒,必须与要用来表达基因的,受体细胞匹配
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Then he had a machine that granted each pigeon one piece of corn every fifteen seconds; that's very, frustratingly slow for a hungry pigeon to get one piece every fifteen seconds.
他们设计了一个能保证,每隔15秒给鸽子喂一玉米粒的装置,对饥饿的鸽子来说是杯水车薪,每15秒才只有一粒玉米
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So what you get on the plate is many copies of the small number of plasmids that you've put in.
我们只要放入少量质粒,就能在培养基上得到大量的复制品
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You take that plasmid; you put in the micro-organism you're going to make many,many copies of that plasmid.
你把一个质粒放进微生物体内,你就会得到,很多很多质粒的拷贝
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If this reforms, so the plasmid reforms back to its native state, that resistance will be recovered.
如果它自己合上了,质粒就会回到原本的状态,抗性就会恢复
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Now to start with, the plasmid is usually shown in a diagram like this as a circle.
首先要说的是,质粒通常用图中这个环形来表示
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If your gene goes in, you've interrupted the gene for antibiotic resistance and those new organisms aren't going to be resistant to antibiotic anymore.
如果基因进入了质粒,原本对抗生素有抗性的基因就被打断了,那些新细菌就不再对抗生素有抗性
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For a minute just assume that we can do this and I'm going to show you how to do it on the next slide.
我们暂时先假设基因已经插入到了质粒里,我会在下一张幻灯片告诉你如何做到
应用推荐