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So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease.
因为天花病毒存在天然的衰减病毒,这种衰减病毒可以用来,直接生产不致病的疫苗
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The cells would be basically little reactors for generating lots of virus so you could make lots of virus to study.
这些细胞会变成增殖反应堆,从而产生大量病毒,由此可以得到大量供研究的病毒
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In fact, a real powerful virus would skip the respiratory system altogether, even better than a cold virus.
事实上，真正强有力的病毒,会跳过呼吸系统，比感冒病毒好的多。
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So look, why am I justified in believing in germs, various kinds of viruses that I can't see, or bacteria or what have you, that I can't see?
所以,我为什么相信微生物,相信各种肉眼无法看到的病毒,细菌等诸如此类我看不到的东西确实存在
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Like we talked about with insulin; make large quantities of this recombinant viral protein, and use that as a vaccine.
就像我们讲过的胰岛素,生成大量重组的病毒蛋白,并将其作为疫苗使用
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In other cases, the virus propagates in such high numbers that release is literally an explosion of the cell.
在另一些时候,病毒的数量相当大,那么释放病毒就会使细胞的爆裂
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We know now that it's caused by a related virus, called vaccinia, remember the virus that causes smallpox is called variola.
我们现在知道这病由一种相关的病毒引起,这种病毒叫牛痘病毒,想想天花病毒也被叫做牛痘病毒
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If you just introduced this polio virus, which you could make in large quantities into people now, you would be causing polio.
如果你直接接种脊髓灰质炎病毒,将大量的病毒直接接种到人体,就会引起小儿麻痹症
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But unlike the Cowpox virus, vaccinea, that we talked about before, this is the real disease causing agent.
但是同我们之前曾讨论过的,牛痘病毒疫苗的不同之处在于,这是可以直接致病的病毒
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The government, after this time, did issue contracts to manufacturing companies to produce new quantities of the virus.
在此事件之后,美国政府,和病毒生产企业签了,生产一些病毒的合同
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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Maybe you don't need the whole virus, but you could just use a piece of the virus,right?
也许你并不需要完整的病毒,你只需使用病毒的一部分
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Children get diseases from a class of viruses called rotaviruses, for which we have no vaccine, and- and so no way to protect them.
儿童因轮状病毒而生病,而我们没有针对这种病毒的疫苗,所以,所以我们没有办法保护儿童
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Now, the other nice thing about viruses is not only are they very efficient but most viruses are specific for certain kinds of cells.
病毒的另一个绝妙之处在于,它们不仅高效,对特定细胞的特异性也很好
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Let me go back and finish up today by talking about the lifecycle of a virus.
让我回到病毒的生命周期这一话题,并以此作为今天的结尾
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And then I don't have to produce the whole virus in order to make a vaccine.
那么无需合成完整的病毒,就能制造疫苗
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Well, it turns out that we could not identify, at least at that point, a cell culture that would serve as a host for vaccinia.
然而我们还不能断定,至少这个时候无法断定,这些被感染的细胞就是牛痘病毒的宿主
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There's other viruses that infect cells of the brain, of the kidney, of the liver.
另外还有能感染脑细胞,肾细胞和肝细胞的病毒
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They also found some stockpiles of the virus from the 1950s that they still had on an Army base in Maryland,I think.
政府也在马里兰军队驻地发现了,从十九世纪五十年代储存到现在的病毒
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What if you're talking about a group of people that don't have any cows in their vicinity, let alone a sick cow?
万一你遇到一群人,他们附近连头奶牛都没有,更不用说受病毒感染的奶牛
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So, some of these cases were probably due to polio that was transmitted by incompletely killed virus that was present in the vaccine.
因此,那些病例的发病的原因,是被那些疫苗中携带的,没有被完全杀死的病毒感染
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If you get a flu that affects your intestinal system then those viruses are infecting gut cells.
而影响肠道系统的流感病毒,就可以感染肠道细胞
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They basically make many, many copies of their DNA and they make all of their viral proteins and they assemble into new viral units.
它们会生成不计其数的病毒基因拷贝,并翻译生成病毒蛋白,组装成新的病毒单位
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One can also purify parts of the protein, that is, parts of the virus, that is, "Do I really need to deliver the whole virus?"
人们还可以纯化部分蛋白质,也就是病毒的某些部分来制造疫苗,那么还需要接种完整的病毒吗
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And this is what's characteristic of smallpox, is that as the virus spreads through your body, it particularly, it particularly affects cells of your skin.
这是天花的特征,当病毒传遍全身时,它特别的,特别地作用于皮肤细胞
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What if I collect that blood from patients that are already infected with Hepatitis B, purify the Hepatitis B protein, and inject that back into people?
如果我采集那些乙肝患者的血液,抽提出乙肝病毒的蛋白质,并且将其回注入人体内,将会如何呢
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It's part of a family of viruses, and we'll talk about at least one other member of that family of viruses as we go through here.
它是病毒家族的一员,我们将会讨论病毒家族的其他成员,至少要讨论一个
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This is a life cycle of a particular class of viruses called retroviruses.
这里是称为逆转录病毒的一种特殊病毒的,生命周期
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Now, all you have to do is introduce that virus into an organism and the virus will do what it naturally does, which is infect some cells.
剩下你要做的就是将之导入某个生物,病毒自己就会做好自己的本分,也就是去感染细胞
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And so in the 1940s, a group of people led by Collier started to develop a large scale production method for making a reliable source of vaccinia virus.
在二十世纪四十年代,科利尔带领一群人开始研究,一种大规模的生产方法,这种方法能制得牛痘病毒的可靠来源
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