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Like we talked about with insulin; make large quantities of this recombinant viral protein, and use that as a vaccine.
就像我们讲过的胰岛素,生成大量重组的病毒蛋白,并将其作为疫苗使用
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So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease.
因为天花病毒存在天然的衰减病毒,这种衰减病毒可以用来,直接生产不致病的疫苗
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We talked about attenuating in the laboratory, using cell culture techniques and what we know about mutating viruses.
我们讲过实验室中,利用细胞培养技术培养减毒疫苗,以及我们所了解的减毒病毒
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But unlike the Cowpox virus, vaccinea, that we talked about before, this is the real disease causing agent.
但是同我们之前曾讨论过的,牛痘病毒疫苗的不同之处在于,这是可以直接致病的病毒
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So, some of these cases were probably due to polio that was transmitted by incompletely killed virus that was present in the vaccine.
因此,那些病例的发病的原因,是被那些疫苗中携带的,没有被完全杀死的病毒感染
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Children get diseases from a class of viruses called rotaviruses, for which we have no vaccine, and- and so no way to protect them.
儿童因轮状病毒而生病,而我们没有针对这种病毒的疫苗,所以,所以我们没有办法保护儿童
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That would be a subunit vaccine because I'm purifying a subunit of the virus that could be injected and hopefully induce an immune response.
那将会产生疫苗,因为我提取的是病毒的亚基,可以被注射并且有可能引发免疫应答
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And then I don't have to produce the whole virus in order to make a vaccine.
那么无需合成完整的病毒,就能制造疫苗
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Remember that the lucky thing about the smallpox vaccine was that a naturally occurring attenuated form of the smallpox virus variola called vaccinea was found.
对于天花病毒来说,幸运的是,存在一种自然发生的,被称作痘苗病毒的,天花病毒的衰减疫苗
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One can also purify parts of the protein, that is, parts of the virus, that is, "Do I really need to deliver the whole virus?"
人们还可以纯化部分蛋白质,也就是病毒的某些部分来制造疫苗,那么还需要接种完整的病毒吗
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One is that you got to get the vaccine from cows, so you got to have an infected cow in order to produce the vaccine.
一是,你若要想从奶牛身上得到疫苗,那就得有一头奶牛感染病毒
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In the Sabin vaccine, or the oral polio vaccine, now you have a non-virulent virus.
在沙宾疫苗,即口服小儿麻痹症疫苗中,存在非致病性病毒
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They're all over each other sometimes and they can spread saliva or other fluids.
有时候他们会在一起追跑打闹,病毒和疫苗可以通过唾液或其它体液传播
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We've talked about killing a virus by cross-linking it, for example, to make a substance that looks like a vaccine-- looks like a virus but can't replicate.
例如,我们谈论过,通过蛋白交联来杀死病毒,以便制造出一种类似疫苗,应该是类似病毒但却无法进行复制的物质
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Let's talk about the polio virus vaccine, keeping those things in mind.
以脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗为例,你们要记住这些知识点
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In particular, we're going to focus in the beginning, on polio virus, which is another great success story, but where a very different approach to vaccine development was used.
特别地,在开始我们会关注脊髓灰质炎病毒,那是又一个成功的故事,但又与发现疫苗的过程不尽相同
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There are even some military personnel now who get immunized against smallpox in the event that when they're going into areas, they might be exposed when they're in combat areas.
现在有些军人甚至已经接种天花疫苗,以使他们在战场上,免受天花病毒的威胁
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He produced an oral polio vaccine from an attenuated virus.
他利用减毒病毒制得口服小儿麻痹症疫苗
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It turned out that one of--there were three vaccine manufacturers, one of them was using the procedure not quite correctly, they weren't completely killing the virus when they produced their vaccine.
结果显示,疫苗的生产厂家一共有三个,其中一家的生产程序不是非常正确,他们在生产疫苗的时候,并没有完全杀死病毒
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Jonas Salk, who probably you've heard the name, was a physician who, at the time thought, "Well if we can make large quantities of this virus then perhaps we can make it into a vaccine."
乔那斯?索尔克,你们可能听说过他,他是一名内科医生,在当时认为,如果我们可以制造大量病毒,那么我们或许可以使其转化为疫苗
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They take it, the vaccine itself, the virus, reproduces in their gut and they can actually spread it to other children in the same way that they spread the disease where you've got children that are maybe at school or at childcare.
他们服用了疫苗,则疫苗菌本体,病毒本体便在他们的体内进行繁殖,实际它们以同样方法传播到其他孩子体内,当你去学校或者幼儿园,接你的孩子的时候,这些病毒正在传播
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This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.
这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体
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So, it's more effective because it's a live virus but it's a little bit more concerning because it's a live virus as well, in that you trust that it's attenuated but could it convert back to a virulent form or a form that caused a disease.
因此,口服疫苗更加有效,因为它是活性病毒,但又是因为这一点,人们也存有更多顾虑,当它处于减毒状态时你会信任它,但是它会不会转变回,强毒壮态或者致病状态呢
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This picture here, we're going to come back to this later in two weeks when we start talking about vaccines, and we're going to talk about how you make vaccines for viruses and so in doing that we're going to think about the life cycle of a virus.
看这幅图片,我们两周之内还会讲到这一内容,在开讲疫苗的时候,我们要讲讲怎么制作病毒疫苗,那时我们要,讲讲病毒的生命周期
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