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So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease.
因为天花病毒存在天然的衰减病毒,这种衰减病毒可以用来,直接生产不致病的疫苗
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So, this just shows as the vaccine was distributed, given to more people, that prevalence of the disease dropped dramatically.
因此,这表明随着疫苗的推广,以及接种人数的增加,该疾病的患病率显著降低
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I want to spend some time on that until we talk about-- before we talk about development of the polio vaccine.
我想多花些时间讨论这个问题,在我们讨论,在我们讨论脊髓灰质炎疫苗的发展之前
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She was part of the clinical trial that did this, and they gave everybody certificates after it was done.
她当时就在参与疫苗的临床试验,试验后他们会给每个参与者颁发一个证明
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Doesn't respond as well to killed vaccines, and that's why the Salk vaccine has to be injected at a high dose.
但却对灭活的疫苗没有那样强烈反应,这也是索尔克氏疫苗为何,必须大剂量注射的原因
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This curve here with the square shows you how many millions of vaccine doses were distributed across the U.S.
这个带方形的曲线图显示了,在美国数以百万计的,疫苗是如何使用的
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Or vaccines that could be transported more easily— the hepatitis vaccine that we get is not stable unless it's refrigerated.
或者令疫苗更易于运输,现在的肝炎疫苗一定要冷藏,否则它就不稳定
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You can't go to school in this country, and in many countries, until you've had your prescribed set of vaccinations.
在我国,接种规定的疫苗之前,许多国家也一样,你都不能去上学
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Why is it difficult in some cases to produce a vaccine when we've been successful in so many others?
为什么某些疾病的疫苗很难研制,即使我们已经成功生产了很多种疫苗
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Then that subunit was purified and formulated into the vaccine, the kinds of vaccines that you and I got.
然后亚基被纯化出来并制成疫苗,也就是你我被注射的那种疫苗
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And so even people that got vaccinated, most of us either have questionable or no protection against the virus at this point.
所以就算那些接种过天花疫苗的人,到那时候也不一定,或者压根无法抵御病毒
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But unlike the Cowpox virus, vaccinea, that we talked about before, this is the real disease causing agent.
但是同我们之前曾讨论过的,牛痘病毒疫苗的不同之处在于,这是可以直接致病的病毒
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Give enough of the vaccine so you have a dose for everybody in the world, or a large fraction of the people.
疫苗的数量,足以让世界上每个人都接种一支,或者让绝大多数人都能接种一支
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Availability of this freeze-dried vaccine made it, then, possible to think about vaccinating people all over the world.
冻干疫苗的应用能使医护人员,考虑向全世界人民接种疫苗
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So, that's another example of the difference between a vaccine that works, and a vaccination that works, right?
所以,这个例子讲的是研发疫苗和,研究疫苗接种的不同之处,对吗
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We've talked about getting lucky, finding a naturally occurring attenuated live vaccine as in the case of smallpox.
我们谈到过,在天花病案中,我们发现自然弱化的活性疫苗,是多么的幸运
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And we're going to do that by talking about some examples, some historical examples, in the sort of technology and vaccine development.
我们将通过讨论一些例子来讲解这个主题,一些历史上的例子,关于科技和疫苗发展的例子
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So, the antigen we're thinking about is a vaccine particularly designed to elicit immune response against a pathogen.
我们现在考虑的这种抗原,是一种特别设计的疫苗,它能够诱发免疫效应以消灭病原体
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We started on this topic on Tuesday, particularly emphasizing smallpox and kind of the history of vaccine development.
我们在本周二,重点讨论了天花,以及疫苗的发展历史
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And so one of the points I want to make here, on this slide, is that this is a very disease-specific thing.
在幻灯片上我想强调的一个重点是,疫苗是有疾病特异性的
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The Hepatitis B subunit vaccine was produced at the same time that HIV-AIDS was being recognized as a problem in this country.
在乙肝亚基疫苗研制出来的同时,在该国家艾滋病开始被视为问题
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So a vaccine is designed in order to engage that biology, in order to provide antigens that will stimulate specifically your immune system.
所以疫苗的作用就是参与这个生理活动,提供抗原 来刺激你的免疫系统
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So, there's been an active effort to reestablish the process of smallpox vaccination in case that's needed.
为了以防万一,现在正积极重建,能够制造天花疫苗的工艺进程
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And that person who really studied it systematically, and is given credit for developing the first vaccine, is a Scottish physician named Edward Jenner.
而那个系统研究疫苗,并被誉为发明了第一支疫苗的人,叫爱德华?詹纳,是苏格兰的一名医生
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That's why every-- development of every specific vaccine turns out to be different because they don't all follow exactly this kind of time course.
这就是为什么,每一种疫苗的发展都是不同的,因为疫苗诱导产生应答所需时间各不相同
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Children get diseases from a class of viruses called rotaviruses, for which we have no vaccine, and- and so no way to protect them.
儿童因轮状病毒而生病,而我们没有针对这种病毒的疫苗,所以,所以我们没有办法保护儿童
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As those doses were given you look at the prevalence of polio within the United States.
随着疫苗的使用,你可以看到全美小儿麻痹症
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He did a good job in preparing the initial studies to show that it was safe.
他在最初的实验中,做了很好的工作,以证明疫苗是安全的
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You want to give it to people in different communities, to make sure that it works in all the subpopulations where the vaccine's potentially valuable.
研究者希望将疫苗分接种于不同人群,以确保疫苗适用于所有人,这样才能体现疫苗的价值
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But what was really needed in order to do this was a defined preparation, right?
为了给每个人带来相同的免疫效果,我们需要精准的疫苗制剂
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