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Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.
肝炎病毒就可以特异性的感染肝细胞,因病毒通常都有细胞特异性
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In contrast today, because we have antibiotics and we have vaccines, people don't die of infectious diseases as often.
相反,在现在,因为我们有了抗生素和疫苗,死于感染性疾病的人就不像以前那么多
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Now if you smiled to-- or make three people smile, and these three people-- each one makes three other people smile.
如果你的笑-,感染了三个人，这三个人-,每个人又引起另外三人发笑。
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The idea being if I find a pattern across multiple people's computers maybe all of those people are infected with the same kind of malware or virus or worm.
如果我从不同人的计算机中发现了一个模型,这就说明,所有那些人的计算机都感染了相同的,恶意软件，病毒或蠕虫。
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And so you can see the pneumonia, tuberculosis, the communicable diseases, infectious diseases, for the most part, are taking the most lives at that point.
你可以看到肺炎,肺结核,传染病,感染性疾病,是夺走大多数人生命的主要原因
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With a lot of morally intuitive appeal, Bentham's idea is the following, the right thing to do; the just thing to do is to maximize utility.
充满了道德上的直观感染力，其观点如下，正确的选择，公正的选择,就是最大化功利。
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Laughter could be viewed as a form of involuntary noisemaking and it's contagious.
我们可以把笑声视为不由自主地发出的声音,然后笑声有感染性。
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But it can be acquired in the air, from patients that are from- from other individuals that are infected.
天花会通过空气传播,通过病人和其他感染者呼出的空气传播
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But vaccines, and particularly in the last hundred years, vaccines have been one of the most important elements in our progress.
但是疫苗,尤其是在近一百年来,疫苗已经成为,感染性疾病防治进程中最重要的一环
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The kinds of viruses that we get when we have colds are very good at infecting the respiratory system.
我们感冒时感染的各种感冒病毒,就非常精于感染呼吸系统
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The whole category of diarrheal diseases, caused by viruses called enteroviruses, where they, it infects your gut.
所有种类的腹泻,都是由肠道病毒引起的,它们感染了肠道
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The last reported case of smallpox in the-- naturally occurring smallpox, was in 1977, a man in Somalia was infected.
最后一例天花报告,自然产生的天花,是在一九七七年,一个索马里人感染了
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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AIDS is a tremendous problem, deaths from HIV infection and AIDS a tremendous problem in Africa and other parts of the world.
艾滋病是一个巨大的问题,在非洲和世界其他地方,艾滋病毒感染和艾滋病带来的死亡,是一个巨大的问题
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Separating our water supply from sewage and learning how to do wastewater treatment was a really important part of reducing infectious diseases.
把净水和污水分开,以及学会污水处理的方法,是减少感染性疾病传播方法中的重要部分
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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Usually viruses have certain kinds of cells they want to infect or that they're capable of infecting.
通常病毒倾向于或者有能力,感染某些种类的细胞
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That had a remarkable effect on reducing transmission of infectious diseases, in doctor's offices and hospitals.
这显著的减少了,在医生的办公室和医院内部,感染性疾病的传播
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So, Hepatitis is already infecting cells of their liver, their liver is actively making new virus.
乙肝病毒已经感染了他们的肝细胞,他们的肝脏正在迅速地产生新的病毒
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Well, it turns out that we could not identify, at least at that point, a cell culture that would serve as a host for vaccinia.
然而我们还不能断定,至少这个时候无法断定,这些被感染的细胞就是牛痘病毒的宿主
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There's other viruses that infect cells of the brain, of the kidney, of the liver.
另外还有能感染脑细胞,肾细胞和肝细胞的病毒
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In contrast, if you look at a U.S.City, ten years ago in 1997 for example, then people still died but they didn't die predominantly from infectious diseases.
相反,我们看美国的城市,例如在十年前,即一九九七年,人们还是会死亡,但是最主要的死因不再是感染性疾病
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Now in some--in the chronic respiratory diseases there's some infection but most of the other things are caused by lifestyle or by other factors, not the infectious diseases.
如今一些,如慢性呼吸道疾病,有一些是传染所得,但大多数,都是生活方式或其他因素导致的,而不是感染性疾病
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Yeah, so you're asking, if for example, why do you need a booster of tetanus, because if I get exposed to tetanus wouldn't I have this rapid response?
所以你会问,举个例子来说,已经感染过破伤风杆菌的人,为什么仍然需要接种破伤风疫苗,身体不是应该马上对该病菌做出应答吗
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Some are called neutrophils and those are responsible for fighting infection.
有些称为嗜中性粒细胞,有抗感染的作用
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Basically, injecting it into some test subjects, making sure that they didn't get diseased from it and looking at antibody responses to see if it worked and it did.
他们把疫苗接种到测试对象体内,确定接种者不会感染疾病,同时观察抗体的应答反应,了解疫苗是否有效
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That is also an advantage of using them as gene therapy vehicles because they will only infect cells that they are - that they have an affinity for or that they're prone to affect.
非常有利于将其,作为基因治疗的载体使用,因为它们只能感染那些--,它们对之具有亲和性,或者说它们倾向于去感染的细胞
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So, if you look in the blood of patients that are infected with Hepatitis B you find a lot of Hepatitis B surface subunits, proteins without the nucleic acid circulating in their blood.
因此,如果你观察一下,已经感染乙肝病毒患者的血液,你会发现许多乙肝病毒的表面亚基,以及血液循环中存在没有核酸的蛋白质
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Children are particularly influenced by the contagiousness of laughter, but just in general, if you hear somebody laughing, like the kids you saw before, it's the sort of thing that could easily make you laugh.
孩子特别容易,受笑声的感染，但普遍来说，如果你听到有人笑，像你们刚才看到的小孩子，这样的事物很容易引你大笑。
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Now, a virus is not capable of reproducing on its own, so if you got a virus into your body somehow and it didn't enter any of your cells, it would cause no damage because it could not reproduce.
病毒自身并不能繁殖,所以如果你的身体感染了病毒,而病毒没有进入细胞的话,因其不能繁殖所以不会对身体造成伤害
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