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So, these on-changing properties that describe the state of the equilibrium state of the system are called state variables.
这些描述,系统平衡态的,变化的属性,就叫做状态变量。
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There's the water phase, there's the ice cube is the solid phase, and there's some water, gas, vapor, and that's one bar.
里面放一块冰，这是固态；,于是我们得到了水，冰和水蒸气三态共存的点。
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Sometimes subtle changes in the structure of a protein can convert it from an active state into an inactive state.
有时蛋白质结构上一些很小的变化,就能将其由激活态转变为非激活态
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Let's switch to a clicker question and just confirm that that is, in fact, true. So what's the corresponding orbital if we talk about this state, 5, 1, 0?
让我们,转到，课堂问题上来，5，1，0态所对应的轨道,是哪一个？
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So, I went to the library and I looked up Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry volume six because there's an article in there about the chemistry and electrochemistry of magnesium production.
所以我去了趟图书馆，查阅了,第六版的《高级熔融态盐化学》,因为那里面有一篇关于生产镁的,化学和电化学的文章。
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It could be normal, everything, that would be a Gaussian, where if you recall there was a mean, and a standard deviation, and most values were going to be close to the mean.
可能是正态分布，也就是高斯分布，只要有平均值和标准偏差值，你就可以进行调用，大部分的值都是集中在平均值附近的。
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This is called the normal distribution or the Gaussian distribution-- it's a continuous distribution.
这就是正态分布,也叫做高斯分布,这是一个连续分布
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If you have a quantity which is constant over any closed path, that quantity is a thermodynamics state function.
如果有一个物理量,对任何闭合回路积分是常数，这个物理量就是一个热力学态函数。
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Thermodynamicstalks about equilibrium systems and how to go from one state of equilibrium to another state of equilibrium.
热力学研究的是平衡系统,以及如何,从一个平衡态转变到另一个平衡态。
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So for the reversible process, the work done is the integral under the pressure volume state function, the function of state.
对可逆过程，做的功,是压强体积态函数曲线下，的积分面积。
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All right, so this is the heat flowing in or out of the system, and these are all functions of state.
好的，这就是系统的热量变化,这些都是态函数。
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So we can't actually see any of that, it's too high energy for us to see. So everything we see is going to be where we have the final energy state being n equals 2.
所以我们是看不见它的,它能量太高了，我们能看见的,都是终态等于2的情况。
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So, what we know is happening is that were having transitions from some excited states to a more relaxed lower, more stable state in the hydrogen atom.
我们知道，这里所发生的是,氢原子从激发态到更低更稳定的态的跃迁，而我们用眼睛可以探测到的。
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We want to integrate. So let's take the integral of both sides, going from the initial point to the final point.
分别从初态,到末态做积分，消去微分。
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Now, suppose I took this two paths, and I took -- couple them together with one the reverse of the other.
其中一条的方向反过来，这是初态，末态,路径1，先冷却。
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It's a state function, so we're at constant temperature and pressure, and now we want to consider some chemical change or a phase transition or you name it.
这就是态函数，我们处于恒定的温度和压强之下，然后考虑某些化学变化或者相变,或者你想考虑的东西。
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And the cause of some thermodynamics have even been applied to economics, systems out of equilibrium, like big companies like Enron, you know, completely out of equilibrium, crash and burn.
热力学中的一些观点,甚至被应用到经济学中，非平衡态系统，比如像安永那样大公司,彻底偏离平衡态,最后破产了。
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We also need to follow Hund's rule, this is that a single electron enters each state before it enters a second state.
我们也需要遵从洪德规则，这是一个电子在进入第二个态之前,要进入每一个态。
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Now we want to show a notation, how do we go from one equilibrium state like this describes to another equilibrium state?
现在我们要展示一种记号，来标记）我们如何,从这里描述的,这样的一个平衡态过渡到另一个平衡态？
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For instance, you want to know how much energy you're going toget out from doing this expansion.
比如，你想知道在这个膨胀过程中,到另一个平衡态的路径。
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So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.
我说过，这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。
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So this is going to end up at T2 a different temperature, we'll call it T2.
这个的末态有不同的温度,我们叫它。
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Then we can also talk about the 2, 1, 0 state function, psi2 1 0 which would be psi 2, 1, 0.
我们也可以看看,2，1，0态波函数，它是。
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and added a structure of math upon it, to build this edifice, which is a very solid edifice of thermodynamics as a science of equilibrium systems.
了这座热力学的坚固大厦，这是一门，平衡态系统,的科学。
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It's a state function. If we know the enthalpy of the products minus the enthalpy of the reactants, right. It's a state function.
如果我们知道生成物的焓减,去反应物的焓的值,它是个态函数，原则上我们可以做到。
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We know how to write that in terms of the state numbers, 1 0 0 so it would be 1, 0, 0, because we're talking about the ground state.
我们知道如何去,写出态数字，它是，因为我们在讨论基态,我们总是讨论基态除非。
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In other words, you've got your system in some state.
换句话说，这时你让你的系统处于某个态。
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So it applies to macroscopic systems that are in equilibrium, and how to go from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state, and it's entirely empirical in its foundation.
因此，热力学研究的是平衡态的宏观系统,以及如何从,一个平衡态过渡到另一个平衡态，它完全是建立在经验的基础上的。
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So if we want to put that in chemical terms, we want to make sure we put these in brackets here, and remember, this is the resonance arrow, it's not a reaction arrow, it's a resonance arrow, so make sure you mark it up correctly like that.
那么如果我们把它类比到化学中来，我们要确保它们都放在括号里，而且要记住，这是一个表示共振态的箭头，而不是表示化学反应的，它是一个表示共振态的箭头，因此请务必像这样正确地标记它。
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But since these are all simply state functions and quantities, this is generally true.
但是因为这些量都是态函数或者量,所以这个结果是普遍成立的。
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