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The sovereign is not, for Hobbes, the people or some faction of the people ruling directly in their collective capacity.
对霍布斯来说，君主制不是，个人或者这个人所控制的某个派系,用他们的集体力量直接统治国家。
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Freedom was threatened in early modern times by the emergence of monarchies that might have been able to crush it.
自由权利在近现代初期曾因为,君主制的兴起,而处于被毁灭的边缘
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The sovereign is, for Hobbes, the artificially reconstructed will of the people in the person of their representative.
君主制是，人民意志的体现,人民以共同意志推选出代表。
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There was no word literally in Russian for the state, or for the monarchy, or for the government.
在俄语中都没有"国家"这个词,也没有"君主制"或"政府"
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Milton participated with extraordinary enthusiasm and considerable zeal in the establishment of England's new, non-monarchic government, initially a commonwealth and then what we can think of as a republic.
弥尔顿带着极大的热情,参与了组建英国的非君主制新政府的过程，这一政府起先是联邦制,后来可认为是共和制。
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It replaces the nobility,the local nobles, it replaces the church, and it replaces the monarchy that most people in France did not want.
它代替了贵族阶级,地方贵族,代替了教会,代替了大多法国人所不想要的君主制
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And of course, anybody from time to time, there are individuals who thought that monarchy might be a fine thing.
当然,时不时也会有人认为,君主制可能也不错
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The sovereign is not the direct expression of my will or your will, but rather an abstraction from my natural desire to rule myself.
君主制不是对我的，或者你的意志的直接表达,不如说是一种抽象概念,是源于自己统治自己的自然愿望。
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Workers obviously didn't want a monarchy; but, in many areas of France,particularly in the south, lots of peasants did want a republic, and France becomes a republic.
工人们显然不想要君主制,而在法国许多地方,尤其是南方,很多农民确实支持共和,于是法兰西成为了共和国
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Now,there was even a group of nobles who believed that they could be elected, that if you had an election people would actually vote to restore the monarchy.
当时甚至有一群贵族,相信人们会选择君主制,相信如果人们有选举权,他们就会投票保留君主政体
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Now in the middle years of the seventeenth century during the English revolution that saw the execution of the king and saw the establishment of a non-monarchic republican government, Milton had practically invented the formal language, the literary language, of insubordination.
7世纪中期,英国革命期间，国王被处决,一个非君主制的共和国政府建立了起来，弥尔顿实际上创造出了一套正式词汇，一套用来表述“反抗“的文学词汇。
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And which, in the case of England, the civil war was largely fought, to a great extent anyway, trying to prevent the English monarchy from taking on characteristics of those emerging absolute states on the continent.
其中之一是英国,［1648年的英国内战称之为 "英国资产阶级革命"］,这在很大程度上,是为了阻止英国的君主制,转变为欧洲大陆上新兴的绝对主义
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When they're through and had reached their peak, their notion of monarchy is something fit for barbarians, but not for Greeks. A free man may not live under a monarchy, and the roots of that, I think, are visible in Homer.
当他们赢得竞争,到达权利的顶峰时,他们所谓的君主制其实更适合于异邦人,而不是希腊人,君主统治下不存在自由人,这个想法的根源可以在《荷马史诗》中找到
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But,anyway,so when France collapsed after the war, and when the Commune comes along,it seems to Royalists, that is,the people who wanted a restoration of the monarchy, that their ship had come in.So what's going to happen?
回到正题,当法国在战后崩溃,公社出现,对君主主义者来说,这些人希望君主制的复辟,他们的机会来了,将会发生什么呢
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Muscovy was a princely state.
俄国曾是一个君主制国家
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So, what you see in this very brief and inadequate account that I've given you is that we really, in spite of the fact that we have basileis, and even in this case an anax, we really don't have a proper monarchical tradition.
因此,从我给的这个简短且不充分的论述中,你们可以发现,尽管我们在这里提到了君主,甚至还有王,但这确实不是一个严格意义上的君主制
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Then on the other hand, at the other extreme, you have scholars who see the patriarchal stories as entirely fabricated retrojections of a much later age. And they vary significantly as to when they think these stories were written: anywhere from the period of the monarchy all the way down to the fourth century, some of them.
另一方面又是另一个极端，有学者认为族长故事完全是后世编造的,这样一来，对这些故事是什么时候写的,也有巨大的分歧：,其中一些人认为是在从君主制时期,到公元4世纪之间的某段时候。
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But the period of absolute rule really begins in the mid-seventeenth century, and is to be found in those states that had specific kinds of social structures.
但是绝对主义实际上起源于十七世纪中叶,［absolutism普遍的翻译为绝对主义或者绝对君主制］ 而且只出现在那些有着特定社会结构的国家里
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Standard form of government has been monarchy.
政府的标准结构是君主制政体
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Indeed, he said in his various pronouncements written for him by someone else that he didn't want to be a king of the old regime, he did not want to turn the clock back to 1788, and that you could combine a modernity with monarchy.
在一篇由人代笔的自我声明中,他表示并不想成为旧有政体的国王,他不想把时间倒退回1788年,完全可以把君主制和现代化结合
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And one of the reasons why France ends up with a republic, and not a monarchy,is because these prefects who represent the Republic can go into conservative regions and say, "hey,we didn't really like the way the elections came out last time; your municipal council, uh-uh-uh,a lot of monarchists there.
这也是为什么最终法国成为共和国,而没有成为君主制国家的原因,是因为,代表共和政体的省长可以去守旧地区并说,"嘿,我们并不喜欢上次的选举方式,你们的城市议会,有太多的拥护君主制度者了
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