-
You need to be able to integrate that information into a response, and that happens through these biochemical reactions.
体内的细胞要整合信息并作出反应,这个过程就通过这些生化反应来完成
-
Here's a way that you can do it in a test tube without using any cells by this process called Polymerase Chain Reaction.
但有一个方法可以让你在试管中完成,不用细胞,这个方法叫聚合酶链式反应
-
As he writes, The Astonishing Hypothesis is that: You, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules.
正如他在其著作《惊人的假说》中写到,你,你的喜悦,悲伤,回忆,抱负,你对人格同一性的感知,你的自由意志,事实上,这一切都不过,是大量神经细胞集,与其缔合分子的生理反应而已
-
What the cell needs to be able to do is to integrate that information into a response.
细胞要做的事就是,整合这些信息并作出反应
-
That's a big problem and so can you protect these cells that you give to the recipient from attack by the recipient's immune system?
并且至关重要,那么你们想办法保护这些植入受体的细胞,使它们免受免疫系统的排异反应么
-
Now, why do you need a cell mediated immune response if you have an antibody response?
为什么你还要有细胞免疫反应呢,你已经有抗体应答了啊
-
There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
-
By cell/cell contact, I mean that there's a receptor in one cell that makes some kind of a chemical interaction with a receptor in another cell.
通过细胞之间的接触,我的意思是在一种细胞上的受体,能与另一细胞上的受体发生某种化学反应
-
So, these are receptors, for example, that bind the ligand and then liberate an enzyme which promotes some sort of reaction inside the cell, often it's kinases but doesn't have to be.
例如,这里是受体,与配体相结合,激活一种酶,这种酶能够催化细胞内的某些反应,这些酶通常都是激酶,但不全是
-
The immune response is directed at killing this cell.
免疫反应直接杀死了那个细胞
-
It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
-
Sometimes second messengers collect signals from a variety of different receptor systems, translate them into one kind of internal change, and the cell then just has to know about that one thing changing.
第二信使分子能够收集,来自不同受体系统的信号,将它们转化为同一种细胞内在的变化,这样细胞就只需对一种变化作出反应
-
The reason is that because of the ways that different microorganisms take the ways the different microorganisms reproduce and damage cells and tissue within your body, you need different ways to respond to them effectively.
因为不同的微生物以不同的方式,以不同的方式繁殖,和损害体内的组织和细胞,你需要多种有效的免疫反应来对付它们
-
Because this post-synaptic neuron is going to be receiving different signals from different cells, it's decision about what to do next, and the what to do next is either create an actual potential or not create an action potential.
因此突触后神经元可以接收,来自不同细胞的不同信号,然后决定后续反应,后续反应包括产生动作电位,或者不产生动作电位
-
One of the things that happens is that certain cells within your body process the vaccine or the antigen and we talked about that.
在人体内,发生的反应之一是,特定的细胞对疫苗或者抗原做出反应,之前我们讨论过这个
-
The notion is, if there's something foreign that's being produced inside this cell, then that cell must have been corrupted in some way and it has to be gotten rid of.
免疫反应的规矩是这样的,如果某些外源物在你细胞内产生,那说明这个细胞的某些地方,已经被损害了所以必须被清除掉
-
If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.
如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为
-
The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
-
The G-protein then goes on to create some other biochemical changes inside the cell.
然后G蛋白在细胞内,诱发其它的一些生化反应
-
The memory cells, which are stimulated, lead to an IgG response and that's why IgG is the antibody of-- that is produced predominantly after the boost, but there is some IgM produced also.
记忆细胞受到刺激之后,可以诱发分泌IgG的应答反应,这也是为什么IgG,是接种疫苗后产生的主要抗体,与此同时也刺激产生了一些IgM
应用推荐