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In fact, the people who have been most important in understanding how the innate immune system works are people here at Yale.
事实上 在研究先天免疫系统,反应机理中,最重要的科学家就在耶鲁
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That is, mix it with things which make it more make your immune system respond more strongly.
也就是说,增大剂量以使,你的免疫系统产生强烈的反应
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Most chemical changes, most physical changes don't happen in isolated systems.
但是大部分的化学反应,并不是发生在孤立系统中的。
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And often, if you want to make a lot of it, you have to think about the thermodynamics of the system, how fast the reactions will go and kinetics, and then whether they'll go, the thermodynamics, and sometimes then you need to adjust the reactions, maybe use a transition metal to make it go better.
这种分子就不能正常工作，而且通常来说,如果你要大量生产一个东西,你必须考虑系统的热力学，反应速率和动力学,还有反应是否会发生，热力学，而且有时候你需要调整反应的发生。
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That's a big problem and so can you protect these cells that you give to the recipient from attack by the recipient's immune system?
并且至关重要,那么你们想办法保护这些植入受体的细胞,使它们免受免疫系统的排异反应么
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You could imagine that you've got virus that's propagating inside your cells, making more and more virus, your immune system really responds well to that.
你可以想象,病毒在你的体细胞内繁殖,数量越来越多,你的免疫系统对此反应非常之强烈
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Because it infects your cells and reproduces, your immune system responds much more vigorously.
由于它会感染你的细胞并且繁殖,所以你的免疫系统会有很强烈的反应
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One of the things you know about the nervous system is its fast.
你们都知道神经系统反应迅速
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Because it's working to defend us against many different kinds of potential assaults, the immune system has a diverse repertoire of responses that it uses in the face of these assaults.
免疫系统的工作就是抵御,不同种类的潜在威胁,免疫系统具备类型众多的免疫反应类型,以应对各种威胁
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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Because this is not a virus at all, but it's a virus subunit, your body doesn't respond to it as strongly, your immune system doesn't respond to it as strongly.
因为这根本不是病毒,而是一个病毒亚基,机体对其反应不是那么强烈,免疫系统不会产生强烈的应答
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We're going to talk about this kind of non-covalent interaction more when we talk about the immune system, because one example of ligand and receptors that's important in the immune system are antigens - foreign molecules, and antibodies - molecules that we produce.
当我们讲到免疫系统的时候,会更详细地谈到这种非共价化合反应,因为在免疫系统中,一个重要的配体受体结合反应,就是抗原,即外源分子,与抗体,这个人体自身产生的分子结合
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The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
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So what we'll end up with is boron plus, 1 s 2 2 s 2 1 s 2, 2 s 2, E and what we say is the delta energy or the change in energy as the same thing as saying the energy of the products minus the energy of our reactant here, that's how much energy we have to put into the system to eject an electron.
所以结果应该是正一价的硼，电子排布为，我们说，Δ,也就是，E，的变化量,等于生成物的能量,减去反应物的能量，这就是我们从这个系统中,打出一个电子所需要的能量。
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You have to inject it multiple times because the first blip that you get in immune response is not very high, you have to boost and often you have to boost again in order to get a high enough response to be protected.
你必须得进行多次注射,因为第一次注射,无法使免疫系统产生强烈反应,你得要增强免疫,通常还得再增强一次,以使反应足够强烈,从而起到保护作用
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