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Then what I'm going to do for the last twenty or twenty-five minutes is talk about the Dutch Republic.
接下来在这节课最后的二十到二十五分钟内,我会讲些关于荷兰共和国的知识
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The population of the Dutch Republic increases between 1550 and 1650 to almost two million people.
荷兰共和国的人口也在1550零年,到1660年之间增长到了两百万人
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And Machiavelli spent a good deal of his adult life in the service of the republic.
而马奇亚维利的成年时光,有一大部份花在这个共和国的公职上。
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Recently, in the Czech Republic, there was a proposal to increase the excise tax on smoking.
最近，捷克共和国，有一个增加香烟消费税的提案。
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And,so,France lurched into a period called The Moral Order, the Republic of the Moral Order.
所以,法国蹒跚进入了"道德秩序"的时代,道德秩序共和国
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What they cared about-- because the Roman Republic by this time was basically a bunch of very important households, wealthy men and their households, and they were the members of the Senate, they were the knight class, they were the people who ran Rome.
他们在乎的是。。。因为当时的罗马共和国,实际上就是一群举足轻重的家户，富有男子及其家户所组成，他们是元老院成员，是骑士阶级，罗马的统治者。
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Would be-- These would have been aristocratic republics at this stage of the game, and so there would have been a council of nobles that would typically have done it.
就是,这种制度,是贵族共和国的产物,所以拥有这一权利的,应是贵族议会
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Now in the middle years of the seventeenth century during the English revolution that saw the execution of the king and saw the establishment of a non-monarchic republican government, Milton had practically invented the formal language, the literary language, of insubordination.
7世纪中期,英国革命期间，国王被处决,一个非君主制的共和国政府建立了起来，弥尔顿实际上创造出了一套正式词汇，一套用来表述“反抗“的文学词汇。
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For the ancients, liberty meant living in a self-governing republic, living in a republic in which everyone again took some share in the ruling offices.
古人认为自由即意味着,生活在一个拥有自治权的共和国里，一个人人都有机会,治理国家的地方。
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It would be armed and expansive. Machiavelli's republic feeds on conflict, on war and conquest.
它将是尚武的充满扩张性的，马基雅维利的,共和国依赖冲突，战争和征服。
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Philip Morris, the tobacco company, does huge business in the Czech Republic.
烟草公司，菲利普·莫里斯公司，在捷克共和国的生意做得很大。
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But you might say just as Machiavelli broke with the dominant model of Christian universalism, so too did he reject the ancient model of the small, autonomous republican state.
但各位也可读到,当马奇亚维利打破,处于优势之基督普遍主义模式的同时，他也拒绝了,古代模式的，小型自治共和国。
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But,it was the longest republic and it lasts from, depending on when you start it-- and you can read about that-- whether you start it in 1875 or 1877, or when there really was a Republic, the early '80s-- it lasts until May,June 1940.
但这是一个持续时间最长的共和国,它持续了,取决于你如何判定它的开始时间,你可以在书上读到,从1875年还是1877年,还是从真正形成共和国,也就是从八十年代初开始,它持续到1940年六月
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Living in a republic alone doesn't guarantee you more freedom.
但有时即使是生在共和国里,也不一定能享有更多的自由。
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Outside the West, republics have been unknown.
西方之外,共和国的概念不为人知
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That, he says, has been our history and what it should say, what it doesn't quite say I think, is that it has been this history not because it is American but because it is a republic, because of its regime type, its regime character.
的共和国，他说，那已经成为了我们的历史,它应该被说成，我认为言下之意是,它已经成为这种历史并非因为它是美国人的,而是因为它是个共和国，因为,它的政权类型，它的政权性质。
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Okay, now let's paralleling what you've been reading let's look a little bit at the Dutch Republic at the Dutch Republic England and Britain all the time, because people talk about so let me talk about the Dutch Republic.
很好,结合你们的阅读资料,让我们看一下荷兰共和国,在荷兰共和国,因为人们老是在讨论英格兰和大不列颠,那么,就让我来谈谈荷兰共和国
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The Athenians and the Romans," he says, "were free, that is they were free commonwealths, not that any particular man had the liberty to resist his own representative but that his representative had the liberty to resist or invade other people."
霍布斯说，希腊人和罗马人都是自由的，因为他们身在自由的共和国里，他们单独的个体,是没有自由反抗他所选的代表的,但他所选的代表,却有抵抗或是入侵他人的自由“
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And here, this is Marianne being martyred by the French provisional government, and in the back is the-- is it the dawning of the social republic of the Left, that is these ordinary people who have fought so long and so hard.
这是玛丽安娜正在殉难,被法国临时政府杀害,这后面是,是象征着左翼的共和国的黎明,这也是平民们不畏困苦,坚持战斗的原因
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First of all, it's not a coincidence that in both England and in the Dutch Republic you had, along with the city-states of Northern Italy, you had the largest percentage of middle-class population that you could find in Europe.
英国和荷兰共和国,以及北意大利的城邦,拥有全欧洲比例最大的中产阶级人群,这是有它的必然性的
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Now,Gambetta,who was a smart guy who dies very young, he said that France became a republic because most of the people wanted a republic and they didn't want a monarchy, and that's all there was to it.
甘贝塔,一个英年早逝的聪明人,认为法国能成为共和国,是因为大部分人想要有一个共和国,他们不要君主国,那就是全部理由
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And one of the reasons why France ends up with a republic, and not a monarchy,is because these prefects who represent the Republic can go into conservative regions and say, "hey,we didn't really like the way the elections came out last time; your municipal council, uh-uh-uh,a lot of monarchists there.
这也是为什么最终法国成为共和国,而没有成为君主制国家的原因,是因为,代表共和政体的省长可以去守旧地区并说,"嘿,我们并不喜欢上次的选举方式,你们的城市议会,有太多的拥护君主制度者了
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The myth, perpetuated by De Gaulle, the big guy, was that in France everybody had resisted except for a few elites, and then France had risen up to follow his great shadow and had thrown off the oppressor and founded a republic.
传说中,这也被戴高乐延续了,大个子,在法国每个人,除了一小撮精英以外都参与了抵抗,然后法国跟随着他的光辉,崛起了,赶走了压迫者,建立了共和国
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