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So, I started off with Piaget, and Piaget, like Freud, believed in general, across the board changes in how children think.
我先来说说皮亚杰,和弗洛伊德一样,皮亚杰相信,总体上看,儿童的思维方式会发生全面的改变
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What you might have expected would be the children would then use whatever system their adults use, but they don't.
你可能会认为儿童会使用,成人所使用的语言系统,但事实并非如此
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So I think it a lot of children I have. Bilingual children and a lot of them have two languages or even three languages.
就此我经常反思,我自己的学生，双语儿童,还有很多会,三门语言。
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In the same way that being a child is a phase you can go through for a period of time and then cease to be.
就像是作为儿童存在一样也是一个阶段,会经历一段时间而后停止。
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Please do bring them, and I will also be passing around Tony the Tow Truck and I'll give you a brief description of what the little children's book actually looks like, and then we will plunge in to the question "What is an author?"
请大家把它们带来，下节课，我会发给大家《托尼的拖车》,然后简要介绍一下,这本儿童读物，然后我们会直接讨论,作者是什么，这个问题“
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It was very impactful to start a book that way because I doubt that hardly any readers actually write out a check on the spot to UNICEF; but if you don't, then you are in some sense responsible for the loss of 30 lives.
这是一个有力的开场白,因为我认为几乎不会有读者真的,会写张支票把钱寄给联合国儿童基金会,如果你无动于衷,那么你在某种意义上,要为那逝去的30个生命负责
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So your average highly educated Western parent does give their children feedback -do give their children feedback based on what they say.
受到普通高等教育的西方家长,确实会根据儿童所说的内容,而给予他们反馈
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Children make grammatical mistakes all the time but then they go away and they go away without correction.
儿童们总是会犯些语法错误,但随后这些错误无需纠正也都消失了
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But kids, according to Piaget,don't know that and this is one of the real cool demonstrations.
但皮亚杰认为儿童并不知道会这样,这个概念是非常精彩的证据之一
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So, it's not like an adult with autism is like a three-year-old or a two-year-old.
所以并不是患有孤独症的成年人,会表现的如同两三岁儿童一样
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The question is what happens to the children who are raised in this society.
问题是在这种社会中长大的儿童,究竟会怎样
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So, we are going to cover a very, very wide range of topics including brains, children, language, sex, memory, madness, disgust, racism and love, and many others.
因此我们讨论的主题会非常之广泛,其中囊括了大脑,儿童,语言,性,记忆,狂躁,厌恶,歧视以及爱恋等等
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So, Susan Goldin-Meadow has studied deaf children that nobody signed to but what she studies is deaf children with deaf siblings and these children don't just sit there.
苏珊·葛丁麦道研究了,并无手语环境的失聪儿童,但她的研究发现,拥有失聪兄妹的失聪儿童,他们并不会傻坐在那
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Russian kids sucked harder to hear Russian than they did to French.
相较于听到法语,俄罗斯的儿童则在听到俄语时,会更加用力的吮吸
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And so he noticed they-- they're surprised by peek-a-boo.
他注意到,儿童会对捉迷藏感到惊奇
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And it's an amazing finding kids will do that.
儿童会这样做,这是个令人惊奇的发现
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Typically--I don't know for those particular children, but typically on those tasks three-year-olds and young four-year-olds tend to fail, and around the age of four or five kids tend to succeed.
我不太了解那些特定儿童的情况,但一般来讲,三岁和刚进入四岁的儿童,通常会在这些任务中失败,而四岁或是五岁左右的儿童则通常会成功
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So, Darwin writes, "Man has an instinctive tendency to speak, as we see in the babble of our young children, while no child has an instinctive tendency to bake, brew or write."
查尔斯·达尔文写到,"人类拥有说话的本能倾向,我们会看到幼儿含糊吐字,然而儿童却并不具有烘焙,酿酒或是写作的本能倾向"
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And it's possible that children kind of got overwhelmed with it, and when asked what would the mother think, who the mother would think stole the food, responded with who really stole the food.
儿童很可能无法理解这一情境,当被问及妈妈是怎么认为的,妈妈会认为是谁偷了食物,儿童会指出那些真正偷窃食物的人
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Children with autism have serious problems.
患有孤独症的儿童则会遇到严重的问题
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Three-year-olds find this difficult.
三岁大的儿童会觉得这个任务很难
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If so, then it would show that that extra overlap in genes doesn't really matter And so, it would suggest a low role of heredity Are adopted children highly similar to ? their brothers and sisters?
如果是这样，那就表明另外的的基因重叠,是没什么影响的,也就是说遗传的影响也很小,收养的儿童,和他们的兄弟姐妹会很相似吗？
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Two-year-olds find this difficult.
两岁大的儿童会觉得这个任务很难
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And incidentally, to know where he's coming from on this, he had a very dramatic and ambitious goal.
我想顺便提一下他为何会去研究儿童,他有着一个宏伟且远大的目标
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There's sort of a period around the age of four, four and a half, where kids make the transition from failure to success.
儿童在大约四岁四岁半时,会发生从失败向成功的转变
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We want to know as curious people how children learn language, what we find attractive or unattractive, and what's the basis for mental illness.
人类的好奇心驱使我们去探索,儿童如何学习语言,什么会被感知为迷人或丑陋,心理疾病的成因又是什么
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Piaget was really big into question and answer, but one problem with this is that children aren't very good with language, and this might lead you to underestimate how much they know.
皮亚杰非常热衷用问与答的方法进行研究,但这里存在的一个问题便是,儿童并未能完全掌握语言,这可能会导致你低估他们的理解能力
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Some studies have, motivated by Chomsky's work in expressed sorry, motivated by Chomsky's critique of Skinner's Verbal Behavior, have asked even in -- "What if we just looked at children within the United States?
受到乔姆斯基,《斯金纳述评》的启发,一些研究甚至询问道,"要是我们只研究美国儿童又会怎样呢"
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You put a child on one side of the mountains and you ask him to draw it, and a four- or five-year-old can do it easily, but then you ask him to draw it as it would appear from the other side and children find this extraordinarily difficult.
你让孩子在模型的一边,要求他把自己看到的三山模型画出来,四五岁的儿童便能够轻易做到,但是,如果你要求儿童画出,从模型另一边看过去的样子,儿童就会觉得非常困难
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