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So, now you have a single molecule, very large molecule, with not just two binding sites but with ten binding sites.
所以如果你体内有一个细胞,一个体积很大的细胞,细胞表面不只有两个抗原结合位点,而有十个抗原结合位点
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Because it takes three units where there's only four choices at each position to have at least 20 unique combinations.
因为每个位点上仅有四种可能性,只有采用三个碱基一组,才能取得至少二十种不同的组合方式
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We've got contrapuntal lines operating in it.It has the capacity for expansion.
有对位点可供发挥，也有发展的空间。
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It's easy to know what nucleotide to put in each position as you're going along and polymerizing a new molecule.
这使得复制过程中决定下一个核苷酸位点,应该用哪一个核苷酸更为容易
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The advantage of this is that now you have four binding sites for antigen instead of just two.
这样的好处是一个抗体上,有四个抗原结合位点而不仅仅是两个
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The rest of this, this sort of beige part of the molecule here is called the polylinker part.
剩下这部分,这部分淡棕色的分子叫做多克隆位点
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Here the unique thing was that there's a restriction site inside that is present in normal DNA and not present in sickle DNA.
刚才例子中,特性就是在正常的基因中,有酶切位点,而在患者的基因中却没有
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How many combinations of codons are there if there's three bases and four possibilities at each base?
那密码子的组合方式到底有几种呢,三个位点,每个位点四种选择
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How we do that will be clear in a few minutes, but this polylinker as is described down here is a site where you can clone in genes.
马上你们就清楚这该怎么做了,这里所说的多克隆位点,就是你能把基因片段插进来的位点
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In this case, this particular restriction enzyme cuts symmetrically like this, but not at the same point.
在我们这种情况下,这个限制性内切酶总是这样对称地切割,但两条链切割的位点不一样
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So, these are better at binding to antigen because they have more binding sites on them.
连接抗体是对付抗原的有效方法,因为抗体表面将会有更多的抗原结合位点
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It's only got one of four possible choices at each position.
每个位点上都只有四种可能性
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There are more than 20 amino acids that make up the biological polymers called proteins, so there are 20 choices of each amino acid at a position on a protein.
而那些称为蛋白质的生物活性多聚体,是由二十种不同氨基酸所构成,因此每个蛋白质的,任意位点都有多达二十种氨基酸可供选择
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They also have binding sites for antigen, but they are sort of two IgG type molecules bound together by another peptide chain.
同样IgA抗体表面也有与抗原结合位点,但它们就像两个IgG型分子,通过肽链相互连接
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The first step is we had to be able to take this circular DNA and cut it to create a site for our new gene to be added.
第一步是切割环形DNA,以创造出一个整合新基因的位点
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The IgM is really five IgG-type molecules that are linked together through disulfide bonds, such that their FC portions are all pointing in and their antibody binding portions are all pointing out.
gM是由五个IgG分子组成的,IgG分子之间通过二硫键连接,免疫球蛋白尾部的FC片段都指向内侧,而抗体的抗原结合位点都指向外侧
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Well, one way to think about is they have more antigen binding sites and so they're going to be more efficient at neutralizing the pathogen on a per-molecule basis than IgG is.
可以这么考虑,因为IgM表面有更多的抗原结合位点,所以相对于IgG,IgM在分子层面上,能够更为有效地与病原体结合
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We're going to have DNA that we would like to make lots of copies of, or we're going to have DNA that we would like to get expressed in a cell, and we're going to put it in this region that's called the polylinker.
我们将那些需要得到很多拷贝数的DNA,或者需要在细胞中表达的DNA,整合到这个叫做多克隆位点的区域中
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