Some three decades ago, James Tobin, the economist, first proposed introducing a tax on financial transactions to deter short-term currency speculation.
大约30年前，经济学家詹姆斯·托宾(James Tobin)率先提出对金融交易征税，以遏制短期货币投机。
That move was directly at odds with Toyota's long-held philosophy not to make long-term decisions on where to put factories, based on short-term currency-exchange rates, which can swing rapidly.
此举直接违背了丰田的长期理念，即不根据汇率的短期波动做出在哪里设厂的长期决策。
The term 'post-industrial' now has wide currency.
“后工业化”这个术语现已广为使用。
The currency is paid in the form of long-term bonds and short-term bonds.
货币的支付形式有长期债券和短期债券。
Over the long term, that protects the company from currency swings, he says.
他说，长远来看，这能保护公司不受汇率波动的影响。
Then there was wide fear of world recession after the Asian currency crisis, the Russian default and the rescue of Long-Term Capital Management, an overleveraged hedge fund.
而在亚洲货币危机爆发，俄罗斯违约以及拯救过度杠杆化的长期资本管理公司(LTCM)的背景下，市场对全球陷入衰退感到恐慌。
The one country that most economists agree should let its currency rise is China (in theory, faster-growing countries should enjoy real appreciation over the long term).
大多数经济学家都认为中国的货币应该升值(理论上，快速增长国家的货币在长期的实际升值对其自身是有利的)。
A country with a persistent current-account deficit might be expected to see its currency fall over the long term.
如果一个国家的经常账户持续处于赤字状态，那它的货币可能会长期下跌。
And with Colombia's long-term prospects improving, they believe a gradually stronger currency is inevitable.
随着哥伦比亚长期前景的改善，他们相信一个逐渐走强的货币无法避免。
Over all, then, even as both Ireland and Nevada have been especially hard-luck cases within their respective currency zones, Nevada’s medium-term prospects look much better.
总的来讲，尽管爱尔兰和内华达州在其各自的货币范围内均为非常倒霉的案例，但看来内华达的中期前景要好得多。
It saved them interest costs in the short term but it also created a nasty mismatch: their wages and revenues were in one currency and their liabilities were in another.
短期之内这样做会帮助他们省去利息成本，但却创造了一个危险的错配：他们的薪水和收入是由一种货币计算，而债务却是由另一种计算。
To mitigate that risk, these countries eschew short-term debt and keep debt ratios low; some build up huge war chests of foreign currency.
为了缓和这一风险，这些国家避开短期债务并保持低负债率，其中有些国家筹备巨额的外币款项。
Extending the maturity of bonds is the next step. In 2007 around 40% of Peru's local-currency debt was short-term (ie, maturing in less than a year).
下一步是延长到期的债券。2007年，约40%的秘鲁本国货币债务是短期的(不到一年就到期了)。
With the Fed holding short-term rates close to zero, a move by another central bank to boost rates will tend to lift its currency against the dollar.
由于美联储继续将美国短期利率维持在接近于零的水平，其他国家央行上调利率很有可能会推动该国货币兑美元升值。
The prohibition is unlikely to ease pressure on the single currency, at least in the short term.
这条禁令不太可能会缓和单一货币的压力，至少短期不会。
Traders said they expect currency-swap trading volumes to grow significantly after the new rule takes effect, though banks may initially have a hard time pricing longer-term swaps.
交易者预计，虽然刚开始，银行或需要较长时间为长期互换定价，但在新的规定生效之后，货币掉期交易额肯定会有大幅度增长。
And in the long-term, certainly after 2020 and perhaps between 2025 and 2035, the yuan is likely to become a fully convertible currency.
就长远来看，肯定要到2020年之后，或许在2025年至2035年间，人民币有可能成为完全可兑换货币。
The key vulnerability arose as Banks and corporations in the region took on too much short-term, foreign currency external debt.
关键的脆弱性在于东亚地区的银行和企业举借了太多短期外汇外债。
However, the relationship between prices and GDP per head can be used to estimate the short-term fair value of a currency relative to others.
然而，价格和人均国民总产值的关系可以用来估计短期的货币真正价值。
In 2007 around 40% of Peru's local-currency debt was short-term (ie, maturing in less than a year).
2007年约40%的秘鲁地方货币债券为短期债券，(即在一年以内到期)。
From a technical standpoint, the currency certainly appears ready to enter a longer-term uptrend if it can manage to break out of its range in the coming days.
从技术观点看，如果美元在未来几天内突破之前的范围，将进入较长时期的上涨趋势。
But for the short term, and that's all that currency traders and safety hunters are looking at, those negatives are outweighed by the positives of the Japanese currency.
但短期而言，正是货币掮客和安全猎手们的机会，日币的正面远大于那些负面。
But for the short term, and that's all that currency traders and safety hunters are looking at, those negatives are outweighed by the positives of the Japanese currency.
但短期而言，正是货币掮客和安全猎手们的机会，日币的正面远大于那些负面。
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