Some three decades ago, James Tobin, the economist, first proposed introducing a tax on financial transactions to deter short-term currency speculation.

大约30年前，经济学家詹姆斯·托宾(James Tobin)率先提出对金融交易征税，以遏制短期货币投机。

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That move was directly at odds with Toyota's long-held philosophy not to make long-term decisions on where to put factories, based on short-term currency-exchange rates, which can swing rapidly.

此举直接违背了丰田的长期理念，即不根据汇率的短期波动做出在哪里设厂的长期决策。

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It consists of a promise to pay, usually denominated in currency, and there are both long-term and short-term debt instruments.

是一种付款承诺,通常是货币支付形式,有长期债券,以及短期债券

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Short-term currency volatility is a fact of life, and is hard to prevent.

ECONOMIST: Fasten your seatbelts | The

Short-term currency pains should help lead to long-term gains, and as the Euro inches closer to par with the dollar, investors should be prepared to buy European stocks.

FORBES: Euro Still Too Expensive Versus Dollar, Expect Parity

As such using the term currency manipulator is fighting talk.

FORBES: We're All Currency Manipulators These Days