WHAT happens in poor countries when they reach replacement fertility?
贫穷国家一旦达到更替生育水平将会有何后果？
Since child mortality is higher in poor countries, the replacement fertility rate is higher there, too.
在贫穷国家中，因为儿童死亡率更高，所以生育等值替换率也更高。
A national policy adopted in 2000called for the country to reach the replacement fertility of 2.1 by 2010.
2000年采用的国家政策，呼吁全国在2010年达到2.1的更替生育率。
Within 20 years, demographic giants like Indonesia, Bangladesh, Mexico and India will in all probability also have below-replacement fertility.
在20年里，人口大国像印度尼西亚，孟加拉国，墨西哥，印度也开始降低人口生育率了。
Globalisation, it seems, leads to a shift in the direction of "replacement fertility" : the rate at which the size of a population eventually stabilises.
看起来，是全球化导致了“更替生育率”(replacement fertility)——使人口最终稳定下来的生育率——方向的转变。
There are several reasons to be concerned about the below population replacement fertility levels in all of Europe and about half the world's population, including China and Japan.
在整个欧洲和几近半数的世界人口中，包括中国和日本，对于下降的人口更替生育水平有一些原因可以考虑。
A closer look at the fertility behavior of the poor is important because of the extensive literature on the "replacement effect" of high infant mortality.
仔细研究穷人的生育行为是很重要的，因为有大量关于婴儿高死亡率的“替代效应”的文献。
Fertility rates in many European nations and Japan have dropped below the replacement rate, causing concern that shortages of labor and productivity could threaten the quality of life.
许多欧洲国家和日本的生育率已经下降到人口置换率以下，这让人们担心，劳动力短缺和生产力下降将威胁生活质量。
The odd ones out are America and Britain, which both have lots of women at work and fertility rates close to replacement level (with immigration making up the rest).
美国和英国则是例外，它们都有大量工作妇女，且生育率接近替代水平（不足部分有移民补充）。
The target reductions in fertility rates were reached long ago. Current rates, he says, are below replacement levels and are unsustainable.
他说，生育率的下降目标早已实现，现在的生育率已经低于人口替换率，这会导致失衡。
From fertility that is almost as high as one can get to below replacement level in 22 years: social change can hardly happen faster.
花了22年将生育率降到等值更换水平，我们不得不说没有比这个更快的社会变革了。
By about 2020, the global fertility rate will dip below the global replacement rate for the first time.
到2020年左右，全球生育率将第一次低于全球生育等值替换水平。
German fertility dipped below replacement in 1970 and is still low.
德国的生育率水平下划到低于1970年的替换生育率，并且仍然持续偏低。
The CASS study calls for a "prompt" change of policy to get the fertility rate up to around the "replacement level" of 2.1.
社科院研究号召一个“刺激”性政策改变来使生育率提升到2.1。
the fertility rate of half the world is now 2.1 or less—the magic number that is consistent with a stable population and is usually called “the replacement rate of fertility”.
世界上一半的地区，生育率仅为2.1%，甚至更低。这一比率通常被称作“生育替代率”，标志着人口数量的稳定。
Fertility starts to drop at an annual income per person of $1, 000-2, 000 and falls until it hits the replacement level at an income per head of $4, 000-10, 000 a year (see chart 2).
人均年收入到1000至2000美元时，生育率开始降低，收入到4000至10000时，生育率降到生育等值更换水平（见图表2）。
Much of Europe and East Asia have fertility rates far below replacement levels.
而欧洲和东亚大部份地区的生育率已经远远低于替换率了。
Sometime between 2020 and 2050 the world's fertility rate will fall below the global replacement rate.
世界人口生育率将在2020至2050年期间降至世界生育替代率水平以下。
The fertility rate in the EU is 1.47-well below replacement.
欧盟的生育率为1.47——刚好低于替代出生率。
In France the fertility rate is already around two children per female, not far short of the “replacement rate” which keeps population numbers steady.
法国的人口出生率已经达到每个家庭两个孩子，离保持人口数量稳定的“替代率”相差无几。
The move to replacement-level fertility is one of the most dramatic social changes in history.
人口趋向生育等值替换水平是历史最有戏剧性的社会变化。
The reason is that widening replacement-level fertility means population growth is slowing down anyway.
理由是生育等值交换水平的扩展表明人口增长不论怎样还是在减速。
This obscures the point: for every big advanced country besides America and Israel, the alternative to “replacement rate” fertility is a baby bust.
这种论调模糊了一个论点，即：对于美国与以色列之外的先进国家而言，“替代生育率”与婴儿的低出生率，二者必居其一。
Here, countries have escaped the fertility trap and the childbearing rate is around 1.8-not high, but higher than it was, and, in some cases, reaching the magic replacement level.
这里的国家逃离了生育陷阱，生育率大约1.8——不高，但已今非昔比，而且有时候达到了神奇的更替水平。
The fertility rate is the number of children a woman can expect during her lifetime; 2.1 is the replacement level, the point at which the population stabilises.
人口出生率是指女性一生预期生养的儿童数目；2.1是更替水平，人口在这一点上保持稳定。
The total fertility rate had been 5.8 in 1950, he notes, and had declined sharply to 2.3 by 1980, just above replacement level.
他解释说，1950年总生育率为5.8，而1980年巨幅下降至2.3，略微高于人口更替水平的底线。
A fertility rate of 1.8 is still below replacement.
出生率1.8还是低于更替水平。
So for three decades, fertility rates have mostly been below the “replacement” level—of just over 2.0 in rich countries.
因此在30年内，有大部分时期，生育率都低于“置换”水平——在发达国家刚超过2.0。
Replacement rate — The level of total fertility that is compatible with a stationary population.
替换率——用来协调静止人口的总出生率级别。
I am well aware of the dire consequences of fertility falling below the replacement rate in the long run.
其实，我当然了解人口替代不足在一段时日之后将为我国带来多大的麻烦。收藏。
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