For all developed countries, high life expectancy is also associated with below-replacement fertility, which reduces the ratio of workers to retirees.
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The obligation to retirees is skyrocketing due to lengthening lifespan, and the number of workers contributing into such funds is declining due to below-replacement fertility rates.
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If all women had this ability, survey data shows, average global childbearing would immediately fall below the 'replacement fertility' value of slightly more than two children per woman.
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This could be achieved through a cap-and-trade system by issuing each adult with 1.05 of a birth permit (ie, 2.1 permits per couple to achieve the replacement fertility rate) and allowing such permits to be tradable.
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The U.S. replacement total fertility rate was higher than 2.1 children per woman in the 1800s and early 1900s due to childhood mortality.
The reason is that widening replacement-level fertility means population growth is slowing down anyway.
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The pattern of swift, uninterrupted decline is now taken as the norm: the UN uses it to project a worldwide convergence towards the replacement rate of fertility (2.1, the rate at which a population stabilises in the long term).
Nearly a third of India's people have lowered their fertility to replacement levels.
France and most of the Nordic countries have embraced such policies and been rewarded with a rise in fertility close to replacement level.
The odd ones out are America and Britain, which both have lots of women at work and fertility rates close to replacement level (with immigration making up the rest).
Western European countries have low fertility rates, below the replacement rate of 2.1.
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The American fertility rate is around the replacement rate of 2.1, compared with 1.4 for Germany and Italy, where populations are in decline.
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Cato health policy analyst Michael Cannon noted that special interests successfully lobbied to require several new benefits, including drug-abuse treatment, early intervention for autism, hospice care, hormone replacement therapy, and non-in-vitro fertility services.
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Although America benefits greatly from immigration, its fertility rate has actually consistently been sub-replacement for almost all of the past 20 years.
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Overall fertility has fallen to roughly 1.5, well below replacement rate and all but guaranteeing a demographic-based economic crisis a decade or two sooner.
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More importanly, Russian fertility has remained well below the 2.1 rate required for replacement.
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The fertility rate has risen to 1.66, still below the replacement level but higher than the national average.
Mu Guangzong of Renmin University of China in Beijing says that even without it the fertility rate in big cities would only be around 1.5, well below the replacement threshold (but higher than 1.0 as it now is in Beijing and Shanghai).
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