The earliest last names, or surnames, were taken from place names.
最早的姓，或者姓氏，来自地名。
Hundreds of occupational surnames are at once familiar to us, or at least recognizable after a little thought: Archer, Carter, Fisher, Mason, Thatcher, Taylor, to name but a few.
数以百计的职业姓氏对我们来说曾经是熟悉的，或者至少稍加思考就能辨认出来：阿切尔、卡特、费雪、梅森、撒切尔、泰勒等等。
She gave her children the Shields name, which may have hinted at their paternity or simply been the custom of former slaves taking their master's surnames.
她给孩子起的名字是谢尔兹，这也许暗示着孩子们的父亲的身份，也许只是按照过去农奴制的习惯，以她们主人的姓氏来给孩子们命名。
The article al (also written as el) may be attached to surnames directly, separated from surnames with a hyphen or a space, or omitted altogether.
词条al(阿拉)可以写为el(艾拉)，它可以直接通过使用连字号或空格与人的姓氏写在一起，或省掉不写。
Contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including any or all of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc.
包含一个专有名词或者专有名词短语，指代一个人，可以包括人的名、姓、敬称、附加名等等。
In a country where hundreds of millions of people lack documents, addresses or even surnames, this will be rather useful. It should also boost a wide range of businesses.
在一个上亿人都缺乏档案、地址甚至姓氏的国家，该号码相当有用，也能催生大量商机。
Had there had been a lot of cuckoldry over the centuries, the link between genetics and surnames should have been weaker, or disappeared altogether.
而如果在这数百年来中曾出现过大量绿帽子的话，同一姓氏的男性之间的遗传学关联必然会有所削弱，乃至完全消失。
When people want to be formal, or when they do not know each other very well, they use surnames with "Mr", "Mrs" for married women, and "Miss" for unmarried women.
当人们希望显得正式一些时，或是他们之间并不十分熟悉时，会在姓氏之前加上“先生”、“夫人”或“小姐”这样的称呼。“夫人”是指已婚的女性，而“小姐”是指未婚的女性。
Most Icelandic surnames are based on patronymy, or the adoption of the father"s first given name."
大多数冰岛人随父姓，或以父亲的名为基础。
Most Icelandic surnames are based on patronymy, or the adoption of the father"s first given name."
大多数冰岛人随父姓，或以父亲的名为基础。
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