Unfortunately, the standard definition of a second relies on what the atom does at a temperature of absolute zero. Real clocks need to run at room temperature, where the shell of electrons puffs up.
遗憾的是，一秒钟的标准定义依赖于原子在绝对零度的条件，而实际的时钟需要在室温下运行，室温条件下电子壳层膨胀了。
To expedite this search, Sankey and his student Eric Dykeman have developed a way to calculate the vibrational motion of every atom in a virus shell.
为了加快研究进度，桑基和他的学生埃里克.戴克曼(Eric Dykeman)开发了一种计算单个病毒原子震动模式的方法。
We discovered that the concentration of energy in the nucleus of the atom is 2 million times as great as energy in the shell of an atom.
我们发现原子核中浓缩的能量是原子电子层能量的2百万倍。
Step three in our Lewis structure rules is to figure out how many electrons we would need in order for every single atom in our molecule to have a full valence shell.
路易斯结构规则的第三步是，找出让分子中每个原子的价壳层，都排满应该需要多少个价电子。
Atomic ground state is the minimum state of atomic energy, which is significance to the study of electric shell structure of atom.
原子的基态是原子能量的最低状态，这对于研究原子的电子壳层结构具有重要的意义，本文给出了确定原子基态的一种方法。
In this model the arrangement of bonds around the central atom is considered to depend upon how many valence-shell electron pairs.
在这个模型中，认为围绕中心原子的化学键的排列取决于价层中电子对的数量。
In this model the arrangement of bonds around the central atom is considered to depend upon how many valence-shell electron pairs.
在这个模型中，认为围绕中心原子的化学键的排列取决于价层中电子对的数量。
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