人们在传统上首先效忠的一向是地区或教会，而到近代初期效忠的对象则扩大到了新的民族君主身上。
Traditionally the first allegiance of these people had been to region or to church. In early modern times it had extended to the new national monarchs.
17世纪是英国向近代社会转型的初期。
16 and 17 century is the beginning of Britain's transition to modern society.
这个“狂人”家族展现了中国近代社会和现代社会初期的生活图景，成为历史的真实的反映。
This crazy family showed a picture of China's latter-day society and the beginning of the modern society. It becomes a real reflection of history.
经过20世纪初期以来几代学者的努力开拓和辛勤耕耘，中国近代史学科已经取得丰硕的学术成果。
Because of scholars industrious efforts, Research on Chinese Modern History has scored great successes since the early 20th century.
经过20世纪初期以来几代学者的努力开拓和辛勤耕耘，中国近代史学科已经取得丰硕的学术成果。
Because of scholars industrious efforts, Research on Chinese Modern History has scored great successes since the early 20th century.
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