人们在传统上首先效忠的一向是地区或教会，而到近代初期效忠的对象则扩大到了新的民族君主身上。

Traditionally the first allegiance of these people had been to region or to church. In early modern times it had extended to the new national monarchs.

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经过20世纪初期以来几代学者的努力开拓和辛勤耕耘，中国近代史学科已经取得丰硕的学术成果。

Because of scholars industrious efforts, Research on Chinese Modern History has scored great successes since the early 20th century.

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