人们在传统上首先效忠的一向是地区或教会，而到近代初期效忠的对象则扩大到了新的民族君主身上。
Traditionally the first allegiance of these people had been to region or to church. In early modern times it had extended to the new national monarchs.
经过20世纪初期以来几代学者的努力开拓和辛勤耕耘，中国近代史学科已经取得丰硕的学术成果。
Because of scholars industrious efforts, Research on Chinese Modern History has scored great successes since the early 20th century.
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