这是没有客观标准的，因为痛苦本身是意识的感觉与反应，因此痛苦不能作为外部刺激或者局部机体疼痛来加以衡量。从这个观点出发，任何等级区分都是不可能的。
There is no objective standard because suffering cannot be measured according to the external stimulation or local irritation of the organism, but only as it is felt and reflected in consciousness.
与中性刺激多次结合有效刺激而使有机体形成的条件反应。即是一种新的刺激引起已存在的反射反应。一种自动化的、非习得性的反应。
A type of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a reflex response or respondent behaviour - Also referred to as Pavlovian Conditioning.
艾滋病感染初期症状是指人体感染HIV后开始对患者机体的刺激所引起的反应。
The early symptoms of HIV infection refers to the body after HIV infection in patients to stimulate the body caused by the reaction.
缺氧作为一种伤害刺激能够导致机体整体直至细胞水平发生相应的反应。
As harmful stimulation, hypoxia can lead to the relevant response from the whole body level to the cell level.
HIV侵袭人体后对机体的刺激所引起的反应。
HIV attacks the human body to stimulate the body caused by the reaction.
环境中能够刺激机体发生过敏反应的都可称为过敏原，我们每天接触的食品中的过敏原问题也是一项不容忽视的问题。
Anaphylactogen can stimulate bodies and force the body to response. Anaphylactogen from foods can also bring diseases, it becomes an important problem in society.
艾滋病病毒侵袭人体后对机体的刺激所引起的反应。
AIDS virus attacks the human body to stimulate the body caused by the reaction.
甲壳动物酚氧化酶在入侵微生物的刺激下被激活，参与机体的防御反应，因此与机体的免疫状态有一定的相关。
The phenoloxidase in crustacean is activated by the invading microbes, and is involved in the defense reaction, thus having certain relation with the immune condition of the animals.
在目前已经在这个方面研究过的有机体上讲，有机体会在受到环境温度突然下降的刺激的时候启动一个特殊的基因层面上的程序，称为冷激（冷休克）反应（CSR）。
All organisms examined so far to this respect respond to a sudden decrease in ambient temperature by inducing a specialized genetic program termed the cold shock response (CSR).
结果显示，PEO／PVA水凝胶敷料没有引起机体任何急性毒性反应以及皮肤刺激与致敏反应；
It was shown that PEO/PVA blend hydrogels did not induce any acute general toxic effects on mice and an allergic reaction for Iabbit skin.
两组浸提液皮内注射后均未引起家兔实验区的红斑及水肿反应，提示材料对动物机体没有刺激性。
Intradermal injection no erythema papule and nodule were observed after intradermal injection in both groups indicating that the material has no stimulation to the body.
两组浸提液皮内注射后均未引起家兔实验区的红斑及水肿反应，提示材料对动物机体没有刺激性。
Intradermal injection no erythema papule and nodule were observed after intradermal injection in both groups indicating that the material has no stimulation to the body.
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