这是没有客观标准的，因为痛苦本身是意识的感觉与反应，因此痛苦不能作为外部刺激或者局部机体疼痛来加以衡量。 从这个观点出发，任何等级区分都是不可能的。
There is no objective standard because suffering cannot be measured according to the external stimulation or local irritation of the organism, but only as it is felt and reflected in consciousness.
与中性刺激多次结合有效刺激而使有机体形成的条件反应。即是一种新的刺激引起已存在的反射反应。一种自动化的、非习得性的反应。
A type of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a reflex response or respondent behaviour - Also referred to as Pavlovian Conditioning.
艾滋病感染初期症状是指人体感染HIV后开始对患者机体的刺激所引起的反应。
The early symptoms of HIV infection refers to the body after HIV infection in patients to stimulate the body caused by the reaction.
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