Celeste Wallander, an American political scientist, has suggested that economic forces might do the job.

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Famous for roles from Shakespeare to detective Wallander, he was honoured for services to drama and the community of Northern Ireland.

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That Wallander copes with horrific crimes in small-town Ystad rather than a big nowhere like Los Angeles is essential to his appeal.

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Celeste Wallander is a Russia expert at Georgetown University in Washington.

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Recent years have seen an upsurge in international interest in gloomy, gritty, Scandinavian crime fiction such as the Wallander series, Stieg Larsson's Millennium trilogy or the Danish TV series The Killing.

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But Russia expert Wallander says the new French president's high-profile foreign policy, including his promise to stand up to Russia, will help frustrate Moscow's attempt to maintain an anti-U.S. front with major European countries.

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Fictional crime tourists constitute an almost insignificant minority of visitors to guilty landscapes, even though the Inspector Morse tour attracts about 3500 tourists a year, Baantjer about the same number and Wallander tens of thousands (aside, in each city, from rogue, unaffiliated tourists).

FORBES: Guilty Landscapes: Oxford, Ystad, Amsterdam and Sodermalm