Indeed, the project's main aim is to explain how vertebrates use perception to guide their movements.
And so today, whether they have paws, claws or hands, most vertebrates have five digits.
Those toxins can affect the central nervous systems of fish and other vertebrates, causing the animals to die.
"No other vertebrates have ever been found like these, so these are truly exceptional fossils, " Joyce said.
The radio waves were being broadcast on frequencies that would affect the local bat population and small vertebrates, she said.
Although extremely rare in vertebrates, parthenogenesis (out of the Greek for "virgin birth") occurs in a number of lower animals.
BBC: NEWS | Science/Nature | Captive shark had 'virgin birth'
Insects, clams, trilobites and plants are good buys, and rarer ones have as much chance of accruing in value as vertebrates.
Then bypass high-priced and controversial vertebrates like fish, reptiles, dinosaurs and birds.
If you must have vertebrates, placate the scientists by sharing your bounty with the public and reap a valuable tax deduction as well.
Their immune systems, for example, while not as developed as those of vertebrates, seem to be more sophisticated than that of C. elegans.
In February, a group led by Dario Valenzano of the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Italy, showed that the effect applies in vertebrates, too.
These kidneys have turned out to contain structures called nephrostomes tiny funnel-shaped ducts that are typical of aquatic vertebrates, but unknown in other mammalian embryos.
In today's world, the giant panda and the mole are anomalies among vertebrates: both have a second thumb, giving them a total of 12 digits.
If this group rather than that had been wiped out, the future would have been different, and the vertebrates, let alone humanity, might never have arisen.
Nonetheless, from September 2009 to April 2011 workers and observers have recorded the injury or death of 1, 027 vertebrates--including 7 bettongs, 59 golden bandicoots and 54 spectacled hare-wallabies.
The very early four-legged land vertebrates, such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, that dragged themselves from the muddy waters on to land had five, six, seven, even eight fingers.
For reasons that lie deep in the evolutionary history of the vertebrates, the right hemisphere deals with sensory input from the left-hand side of the body, and vice versa.
In spite of their small area, they have packed within them, as endemic species found nowhere else, more than 50% of all plant species and more than 42% of all vertebrates.
FORBES: Conservation International: Stemming the Tide of Environmental Crises, Part Two
All vertebrates experience boom and bust, in demographic terms.
Food and Agriculture Organization based in Rome, over 50 billion vertebrates are consumed by humans every year, a number that does not account for fish or marine and fresh-water invertebrates, or for biomedical victims of experimentation, from dogs to hamsters to rats and mice.
And, while copia and its close relatives are not normally found in anything with more backbone than a reptile, its activities may hold clues about the behaviour of some of the other, more complicated, transposable elements that are found in those more complicated vertebrates, the mammals and the birds.
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