They find the urban heating effect to be negative.
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In-car GPS developers have long had to wrestle with the urban canyon effect that blocks or bounces signals downtown: they often have to make best guesses for accuracy when they can't count on cellular or WiFi triangulation to pick up the slack, like a smartphone would.
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When these stations observe a temperature rise, they are simply measuring the "urban heat island effect".
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If the urban heat island effect were large, you would expect to see a bigger trend for calm days when more of the heat stays in the city.
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Greenery is critical to counterbalance the "urban heat island" effect from hotter, drier summers, when night-time temperatures remain high because of heat retained by brick and tarmac.
But now the process is being reversed - Greeks are moving in the other direction, away from urban financial hardship as the effect of the crisis deepens.
The hiring of Urban Meyer has had a stabilizing effect on the future expectations of Buckeye fans regarding where their program is headed.
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Researchers found the bracing seaside air had a more positive effect than the countryside or an urban park.
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Long before the uprisings on the streets of Ferguson or Baltimore, the 1992 L.A. riots in the wake of the first verdict in the Rodney King case had an undeniable effect on the city's urban youth.
Our commanders will soon be hard pressed to preserve today's deployments of American forces in Iraq, let alone to have them take up once again the sorts of positions in the urban areas that they held to such therapeutic effect during the surge.
"There is a lot of work on the beneficial effects of visiting natural environments, but our findings suggest it is time to move beyond a simple urban versus rural debate and start looking at the effect that different natural environments have on people's health and well-being, " said Dr White.
BBC: People really do like to be beside the seaside, study says
In effect, Chongqing and Chengdu have created a new class of urban residents who enjoy the best of both worlds.
What seems certain is that Hamas' desire to fight in the heavily populated urban areas, and Israel's apparent willingness to prosecute its war there, could have a devastating effect on Gaza's long-suffering civilian population who have nowhere else to go.
They also explained how people missing in the mountains were usually lost or injured, whereas these semi-urban searches were often for people suffering from dementia, feeling suicidal, or young children - all factors that could effect how the missing person acts.
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