On Earth, sea-floor spreading is fuelled by molten rock upwelling from deep inside the Earth.

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Storm surges have the potential to be dangerous because they involve a great upwelling of a stretch of ocean - intense low pressure at the heart of a storm literally tugs the sea surface above its normal level to create a massive bulge.

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The removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, either through the enhancement of natural weathering processes or direct capture from ambient air are further examples, as well as the enhancement of oceanic CO2 uptake through ocean fertilisation with scarce nutrients or the enhancement of upwelling processes.

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