Last September a team led by researchers from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in La Jolla, California, looked at whether clouds could be whitened artificially (and thus caused to reflect more sunlight back into space) using particles emitted from a boat.

ECONOMIST: Geoengineering

Thus the results reflect optimism caused by the rebound that stock prices had been experiencing.

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Thus, the price differential caused by the antidumping order bestowed a cost advantage of 19 percent on Chinese competitors, 17 percent on European competitors, and 16 percent on NAFTA competitors.

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It wipes away frown lines and other wrinkles, which are caused by overstimulated muscles, thus allowing ageing celebs to appear on the covers of gossip magazines without embarrassment.

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Thus when his appointment of an openly gay spokesman on foreign affairs caused a stir in conservative circles, the campaign quickly fired him.

ECONOMIST: Lexington: Moral quandary | The

In summary, Dr Saetre and his colleagues have vindicated Dobzhansky and thus confirmed a mechanism for the origin of species that is directly caused by natural selection, rather than being an accidental by-product of it.

ECONOMIST: Evolution

Dr Okal has used this technology to identify tsunamis caused by landslides (ie, the sort most likely to be dangerous, and thus require evacuations to be organised).

ECONOMIST: New ways of tracking these killer waves may help save lives

And the nuclear-winter hypothesis (that the smoke from fires caused by a global nuclear war would blot out the sun's rays and thus cool the earth catastrophically) owes its origin, at least in part, to observations of a planet-wide dust storm on Mars.

ECONOMIST: Comparative meteorology