These molecules, when mixed with water, organize themselves into neat arrays of cylinders and pinwheels.
These molecules (called chromophores) have been engineered to stop glowing when they come in contact with TNT vapor.
Our brain may only identify one or several of these molecules, but our nose is indiscriminate--it reads them all.
It helps the company gain an outside perspective on its proprietary programs, without compromising its financial investments in these molecules.
These molecules appear at the fringe of the cloud of gas whose gravitational collapse and subsequent heating signals the birth of a star.
These molecules are monopolistically protected (for almost two decades) by law.
In the right conditions, an emulsion of these molecules will organise itself into small spheres, known as vesicles, that contain part of the liquid the phospholipids were suspended in.
Their production is triggered by things besides light and nutrient deficiencies: drought, low temperatures, wounding, infection and exposure to ozone are all known to stimulate synthesis of these molecules.
This fantastic plastic has molecules far longer than those of regular polyethylene, and these molecules are, in addition, packed tightly into a crystal structure rather than being scattered at random.
Although there is, as yet, no published evidence that sirtuins extend life in mammals, or that resveratrol activates sirtuins in human cells, some of these molecules are already in clinical trials for safety.
The team has produced more than 10bn of these molecules, and say their drug library is the "equivalent to having access to 10, 000 sharks without needing to keep a single animal in an aquarium".
But even if Curiosity finds them, that's not proof that life existed -- after all, these molecules are found in bus exhaust and meteorites, too, says Steve Squyres, part of the Mars Science Laboratory science team.
Prof de With and his team found that by attaching these molecules on the end of polymer "stalks" and mixing these throughout the coating, any that are removed by scratches are replaced by a new, self-orientating layer.
If there aren't any organics, that may suggest there's something on the planet destroying these molecules, says James Wray, assistant professor of Earth and atmospheric sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology and collaborator on the Curiosity science team.
One of these molecules, resveratrol, is found in red wine which created excitement among those who think that a wine-rich diet is part of the explanation for the healthy old age apparently enjoyed by many who live in southern Europe.
The primary difference between bitumen and ordinary crude is the size of the hydrocarbon molecules: in liquid oil, these molecules contain between five and twenty carbon atoms, while in bitumen they contain more than twenty. (At room temperature, pure bitumen is so viscous that it will not flow.) The main job of the upgrader is to break down the oversized hydrocarbons into smaller units.
When you look out through these massive molecules everything is fuzzy for a while.
One of these sugar molecules is glucose, the main energy source for your body.
And they might be more lucrative than generic versions of small-molecule drugs, if the complexity of developing these larger molecules limits competition.
These messenger molecules go on to act as the blueprints for protein production, so preventing a transcription factor from working can cause all sorts of problems.
We take a million of these small molecules--they are not drugs but the starting points for drugs--and mix each one of those prototype drugs with a protein we have in a test tube.
By blocking these errant molecules, D-serine and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), researchers may be able to stop brain cells from dying while avoiding the toxic side effects that have plagued previous experimental treatments.
By blocking these errant molecules, called D-serine and poly ADP-ribose polymerase, known as PARP, researchers may be able to stop brain cells from dying, while avoiding the toxic side effects that have plagued previous experimental treatments.
These encourage protein molecules to stretch out and form fibres.
Working at the scale of molecules, these micro-machines are taking their cues from bacteria and the way in which they find their way around the human body.
Nor is Phoenix equipped to detect micro-organisms, though it will be able to sniff out organic molecules if these are around, and that will be a tantalising clue.
The university said that while significant efforts were being made in early stage drug discovery, there was a bottleneck when it came to the lead optimisation stage of molecules targeting these so called "neglected" diseases.
In conventional crystals, such as salt and sugar, these elements are atoms or molecules.
This means genes can be re-programmed with small molecules that mimic these environmental factors, what is called molecular medicine.
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