In an ultracapacitor, positively charged ions gather on the surface of the negatively charged electrode and negative ions on the surface of the positive electrode.

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Their main finding was that a nerve impulse, now known as an action potential, is caused by the movement in opposite directions across the axon's surface membrane of sodium and potassium ions.

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In MS the damage to myelin exposes channels on the surface of the axon, allowing potassium ions to leak out and thus dissipate the electrical current that carries nerve signals.

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The ions pass through a charge-specific membrane and are adsorbed onto the surface of the electrode.

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The material also contains negatively charged ions, which can be moved with electric pulses to different parts of the surface.

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If fired at high enough speed, these ions will come to rest a few thousandths of a millimetre below a wafer's surface.

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Like the oxygen ions in the traditional technique, these come to rest a few thousandths of a millimetre below the surface.

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