But what about the relevance of the dim supernovae for the study of dark energy?
They are produced by supernovae, neutron stars, galactic centres, black holes and the like.
High-energy neutrinos, of the sort created in cosmic calamities such as supernovae, result in high-energy muons.
The ferocity of a typical supernovae explosion obliterates the white dwarf utterly, leaving behind no trace of it.
Naturally occurring neutrinos from cosmic rays, supernovae and the sun stream through the detector at the same time.
Together, these early telescopes found neutrinos from the sun, and from distant supernovae.
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Large stars end in the more spectacular explosions known as supernovae, which generate fast-moving particles in extraordinarily high magnetic fields.
For example, neutron stars the extraordinarily dense remnants of stars that have exploded as supernovae often have nearby partners that orbit one another.
No supernovae have been observed in our own galaxy since 1604, but astronomers have seen many supernovae in other galaxies since.
The puzzling finding in 1999 that the universe's expansion seems to be accelerating was based on observations of a few dozen supernovae.
The distortion of light, and the way supernovae appear would be different.
Instead, both teams found the same thing: distant supernovae were in fact speeding up, suggesting that the Universe is destined for an ever-increasing expansion.
It was not previously thought that novae, which come about for different reasons than the brighter supernovae, could give rise to these gamma rays.
They are made in exploding stars called supernovae, in which the energies are so high that nuclei get squashed together into otherwise unstable configurations.
Their goal was to measure distant Type 1a supernovae - the brilliant ends of a particular kind of dense star known as a white dwarf.
This isotope, with a half-life of 2.6 million years, is not made in significant quantities by any process on Earth, but is expelled by supernovae.
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Other envisaged sources are supernovae and rapidly rotating isolated neutron stars.
The nova is providing a unique stellar laboratory, shedding light on processes normally confined to supernovae that are too slow for Earth-bound astronomers to learn from quickly.
He continued publishing papers, mostly on black holes and supernovae, well into his 90s, relying to the end on an old slide rule to make his calculations.
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Now, our telescopes and other measuring devices can see other galaxies, supernovae, and back all the way to the beginning of the universe, 13.7 billion years ago.
Like detectives inspecting the scene of a bank heist, astrophysicists carefully study supernovae remnants for the clues they provide to the supernova explosion itself, hundreds of years ago.
In 1999, astronomers set out to measure the speed of expansion by looking at distant supernovae exploding stars to see how fast they were moving away.
He is particularly excited by the prospect of being able to dedicate a large telescope to the search for supernovae, since these are used as intergalactic yardsticks by astronomers.
These new models of failed supernovae demonstrate how both normal brightness and extremely dim supernovae are generated from the same basic picture of a nuclear-burning white dwarf star, he added.
Careful studies of the shifted light from distant supernovae were what first demonstrated an acceleration in this expansion of the Universe, leading to the 2011 Nobel prize in physics.
To that end, the 570-megapixel camera will eventually measure up to 300 million galaxies up to 8 billion light years distant, as well as 100, 000 galaxy clusters, and 5, 000 supernovae.
At the moment it is not feasible to dedicate all the observing time on a six- or eight-metre telescope to search for exploding stars known as supernovae in other galaxies.
Evidence for past supernovae is thin on the ground, although in 1999 German researchers found traces of iron-60 in south Pacific sediments ( Physical Review Letters, vol 83, p 18).
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For example, most of the energy from supernovae is thought to be carried away by neutrinos -- the lightweight, difficult-to-detect particles that are so important to understanding the fundamental laws of nature.
The first in this class of exceptionally dim supernovae was discovered in 2002, noted Robert Fisher, assistant professor of physics at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, a co-author of the paper.
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