The three grammes of copper in the 1 rupee coin (we are talking about the older style, the Jinnah on one side, Badshahi Masjid on the other, a brown colour, not the newer silvery looking coin) therefore has a refined value of 2.64 US cents.

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These are rough estimates, and there is a wide gap between the value of refined metal and the value of buried ore.

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These are very rough estimates, and in any event there is of course a wide gap between the value of refined metal and the value of buried ore.

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Basically, the old Liberty was very capable off-road, but it did not keep up with consumer demands, which now value refined road manners, good fuel economy and lots of interior space more than the ability to hop boulders and ford streams.

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Manpower costs (to include training) were similarly improved and refined, demonstrating the value of a mature system.

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Without such knowledge, chemicals companies are challenged to ensure profitable margins or to make decisions on which raw materials should be further refined to deliver products with total higher value added output.

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