Before Soviet rule, identity and solidarity in Central Asia were largely based on tribe, clan, geography and even profession rather than on ethnic groups, which did not readily fit with geographical or linguistic divisions.

ECONOMIST: The heavy costs of non-co-operation

The work of attorneys is well-established in Arab and Islamic countries, and there are well-established fatwas from scholars which approve of their profession, as long as the attorney is seeking justice rather than helping someone who is guilty go free.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Center For Security Policy

Where rather than workers at one factory fighting with capital to gain a larger share of the surplus, an entire profession restricts access to that profession.

FORBES: Declining Union Membership Does Not Mean Declining Wages