Both groups of researchers said that the findings needed to be confirmed in much larger, prospective studies.
Smaller and shorter term prospective studies could be done to see if vitamin D and magnesium are good treatments for people who already have diabetes.
One of the better prospective studies done on vitamin D and heart disease followed subjects over time, measuring vitamin D levels and following them to see who developed a first incidence of heart attack.
Peto and his colleagues in the Prospective Studies Collaboration, a team of dozens of researchers from around the world, say they did the new study to figure out exactly how body mass index (BMI) relates to mortality.
The Institute for Prospective Technological Studies examined the online habits of 16, 000 Europeans.
The strongest data, from prospective cohort studies, is a relative risk of 1.26 for consuming a soda a day and developing diabetes.
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Part of the problem this year was that companies provided less money to prospective students for their studies.
The Danish study is prospective in nature, which distinguishes it from most other studies on the health effects of cell phone use, which were case-control studies and enrolled subjects diagnosed with brain tumors and a comparison group of subjects who were free of brain tumors in order to compare reported cell phone usage in the two groups.
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Follow-up studies now in the planning stage are expected to use prospective as well as retrospective data.
Mr Gove warned that certain universities such as Cambridge, the London School of Economics and others had told prospective students that taking "softer" A-levels such as media studies and dance would count against them.
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