Rigorous prospective studies are needed to identify mechanisms and causes.

需要进行严格的前瞻性研究以确定机制和原因。

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Large cancer risk studies have increasingly been designed as so-called prospective studies, like this one.

大型的癌症风险研究越来越多的被设计为所谓的前瞻性研究，就像这个研究一样。

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They identified 11 studies (seven prospective studies and three randomised controlled trials) involving 149,203 people.

他们确定了包含149203人的11项研究（其中有7项预期实验和3项随机对照实验）。

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Both groups of researchers said that the findings needed to be confirmed in much larger, prospective studies.

FORBES: Gene Predicts Cancer Drug Effectiveness

Smaller and shorter term prospective studies could be done to see if vitamin D and magnesium are good treatments for people who already have diabetes.

CNN: Do vitamins help against type 2 diabetes?

One of the better prospective studies done on vitamin D and heart disease followed subjects over time, measuring vitamin D levels and following them to see who developed a first incidence of heart attack.

FORBES: Vitamin D: Still More Questions Than Answers