For example, a probation program in Hawaii in 2004 substantially increased the chances that "dirty" urine tests for illegal drugs would result in jail time (brief stays of a few days).

WSJ: William Daley and Roseanna Ander: Don't Take Your Guns to Town

The New York Times covers a particularly noxious example of a monstrous hybrid: for-profit probation.

FORBES: Private Probation as a Monstrous Hybrid

For example, an operation where Serco and the existing state-run London Probation Trust jointly provide Community Payback services for the MoJ took around two years to procure.

BBC: Businessmen, lawyers and justice

Long term offenders will continue to be monitored by the probation service for about the same length of time as their prison sentence - for example, an offender given an 18 month sentence will serve nine months in prison, and nine months on licence in the community.

BBC: UK Politics