The field of criminal justice offers many areas of specialization. One can study juvenile justice, probation and parole, criminal investigation, and rehabilitation techniques, for example.

在刑事司法领域提供许多专业范畴，比如人们可以学习少年司法、缓刑和假释、刑事调查和复原技术。

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For example, a probation program in Hawaii in 2004 substantially increased the chances that "dirty" urine tests for illegal drugs would result in jail time (brief stays of a few days).

WSJ: William Daley and Roseanna Ander: Don't Take Your Guns to Town

The New York Times covers a particularly noxious example of a monstrous hybrid: for-profit probation.

FORBES: Private Probation as a Monstrous Hybrid

For example, an operation where Serco and the existing state-run London Probation Trust jointly provide Community Payback services for the MoJ took around two years to procure.

BBC: Businessmen, lawyers and justice