The best-studied method is for a cell to increase the number of molecular pumps in its outer membrane.

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This weak detergent kills spermatocytes essentially by poking holes in their outer membrane.

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CFTR, as its name suggests, sits in the outer membrane of a cell.

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There is particular concern about Gram-negative bacteria (like E.coli and K. pneumonia), due to their outer membrane which can prevent some antibiotics from penetrating the cell.

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Ion channels sit in a cell's outer membrane and let electrically charged atoms (ions, as they are known in chemical jargon) in and out of the cell.

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The UCL team discovered that MIP-1a plays a key role in the early stages of an allergic response within the clear membrane that coats the inner surface of the eyelid and outer surface of the eye, known as the conjunctiva.

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