An airplane crash does not have the possibility of the continued risk of killing people by radioactive contamination or genetic mutation decades or even permanently into the future.
Because more than 99% of women do not have the BRCA1 mutation -- or the BRCA2 mutation, for that matter.
But it could turn out to be a mutation or cross strain of one or several coronaviruses seen in cows, birds and pigs.
But for the average breast cancer patient who has neither the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation nor a close relative with breast cancer (Jolie's mother, for example, died from ovarian cancer), the risk of a new breast cancer in the nonaffected breast is less than 1%.
One reckoning is that around 7% of breast cancers are related to the BRCA1 mutation, or the similar BRCA2.
Patients with the mutation could be treated with Iressa or similar drugs, while others without the mutation might try other therapies.
But only 1, 200 patients have that mutation, or 4% of the 30, 000 Americans afflicted with the disease, which also causes digestive problems and leads to an early death.
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Doctors are treating Nicola's mother, her three brothers, her sister and her nephew for Osteogenesis Imperfecta - or OI - a genetic mutation which gives the sufferer frail bones.
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Any individual who had a genetic mutation that lightened his or her skin (and eyes) would absorb more sunlight, boosting health and the ability to survive and breed.
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The problem is that obese humans very rarely show a mutation in either the gene for leptin or that for its receptor.
For example, a genetic mutation can identify patients who are susceptible to a given disease or treatment.
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The re-arrangement or sequence of the nucleotides on the DNA ladder may result in a mutation that leads to an inherited disease, which only affects maybe 2% of the human population.
By adding a solution that releases both the plant and the human DNA from the paper, the geneticist can then analyze the DNA for his or her chosen purpose--for example, to look for a mutation in the human DNA sequence--with the rice DNA sitting alongside harmlessly and acting as an ID tag.
Again, there will be experts on hand to tell the leaders about rising resistance to antibiotics, about the way a hyperconnected world can quickly spread pandemics, or about concerns about how it is foolhardy to be complacent in a world where genetic mutation often outpaces human innovation.
With the help of Chiara Cirelli, who also works at the University of Wisconsin, Dr Tononi has created a mutant fruit fly that sleeps only two or three hours a night. (A normal fly sleeps between eight and 14 hours.) The mutation itself is in a gene for a nerve-cell protein of a type known as an ion channel.
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