At the moment, no particles with that property are known, though several are hypothesised.
Dr Gell-Mann also identified points that had no known particles associated with them and predicted the existence of particles that would fill those gaps.
ECONOMIST: A shape could describe the cosmos and all it contains
There seems to be no way that particles streaming past the earth along magnetic field lines can make a turn, move at right angles to those lines for a bit and end up inside the magnetosphere.
Neutrinos are ghostly particles with no electric charge and very little mass.
Indeed, the distribution of mass through the galaxy roughly followed the distributions of visible matter, with no need for exotic new particles.
Which is why scientists have decided to look no farther than the Earth itself for elusive particles which are thought to be as old as the Universe and endowed with the ability to traverse solid matter: neutrinos.
Its guidelines say average concentrations of the tiniest pollution particles - called PM2.5 - should be no more than 10 microgrammes per cubic metre but UK standards allow up to 25.
It explains why other particles have mass, but, despite decades trying, no-one has yet detected it.
Last year Monterrey, the country's industrial capital, clocked a higher reading than Mexico City on its index of particles smaller than 10 microns, a form of pollution that is no less dangerous than ozone.
ECONOMIST: The capital��s filthy atmosphere has improved at last
When CETP is blocked, the HDL particles become larger--and they may actually become so big that they no longer function.
The electron would have no mass if it were not for this "substance, " the field made of Higgs particles.
Of course, safety questions about the particles themselves remain, but Dr West and Dr Payne both say they have seen no signs of harmful symptoms.
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