Another main figure in the case was Irina Jianu, former head of a state construction agency, who was found innocent on charges of money laundry and bribery.
In March, a court upheld death sentences on four people associated with Tamexco, a trading company, for bribing officials including the former head of a state bank.
France is supporting the former head of a state-owned firm to be the chairwoman of EADS, even as the company works to simplify its ownership structure and reduce government interference.
But the rebellion was eventually crushed, and Nigeria has subsequently weathered military coups, the assassination of a head of state and a 20-year economic decline.
Lord Bingham concluded that a former head of state enjoys immunity as well because one English statute confers on a head of state the same legal protections as those enjoyed by an ambassador, which a second statute spells out as including immunity for official acts during his tenure as an ambassador even after he has left his post.
In fact, British law nowhere explicitly states that such immunity extends to a former, as opposed to a serving, head of state (none of the Law Lords disputed that a serving head of state enjoys immunity).
As head of a small state, Pope Benedict can draw on an extraordinary range of talent and expertise in formulating his policy towards the Muslim world.
He acted as a powerful head of a nation state, free to act in what he saw as his country's interest and that of the international community.
And as Hirohito was the only plausible candidate, he was repositioned as a concerned, avuncular figure, stripped of power and of military titles but endowed with the symbols of a head of state.
Mr Blatter's arrival was greeted like that of a minor head of state, as he was given the red carpet treatment in a flurry of flashbulbs and handshakes.
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It not uncommon for a head of state to skip a military handover ceremony.
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This was Africa's first case of a former head of state being arrested in another country for crimes committed during his rule.
That may lead to a lot of CEOs performing more of a ceremonial role, a head-of-state role.
It is only the second time a Portuguese head of state has made such a move.
Iraq's Central Criminal Court sentenced al-Zaidi to three years in March after he was found guilty of assaulting a foreign head of state on an official visit to Iraq.
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By engaging with citizens through social media tools, a head of state can better gauge the nature of a movement gathering online, and match it with the appropriate response, according to Jared Cohen, director of Google Ideas, and author of Children of Jihad.
She has treated Lazaro Gonzalez, the boy's great uncle, with the sort of deference that most politicians reserve for a head of state.
So far, Russians' lingering gloom and discontent hardly seem to be rattling a head of state who many of them think is doing a worthy job in the circumstances.
Al-Maliki hailed Sarkozy's visit as "historic" because it was the first by a French president and first official visit by a European head of state who had not been a member of the U.S.-led coalition.
This in itself would be a momentous event, marking the first time in Egypt that a reasonably free presidential election had been held, producing a head of state legitimised by the popular will, albeit in a polarised society.
Opinion polls invariably reveal distaste for the idea of a President Hattersley or Patten, in other words a head of state elected from among retired or second-rank politicians on the German model.
Mr Howard's support for a new preamble, but not a new head of state, could be decisive in a dual-purpose referendum.
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Most of all, though, Britain, like other parliamentary democracies, needs a head of state in possession of reserve powers to check and balance the government.
Traore was appointed in April to lead the long-term transition after ECOWAS mediators managed to form a deal with coup leader Sanogo, stating he will step aside with all the benefits of a former head of state and allow the leaders in Bamako to prepare for elections, as well as find a solution for the north.
Even John Howard, the prime minister and a staunch monarchist, grudgingly admits that having a head of state who lives in another country does not quite fit Australia's self-image as a modern democracy, seeking to establish a new role for itself in the Asia-Pacific region.
The only south-westerner acceptable to the north, and perhaps to the east, is Olusegun Obasanjo, a former military head of state who handed power back to a civilian government in 1979.
Vernon Bogdanor, of Oxford University, argues that the decline of party allegiance has also increased the appeal of a non-partisan head of state.
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Security Council gave until October of this year, 2006, to pick a new head of state, new elections, but they didn't address the issue of Parliament.
Increasingly, the Japanese public is getting used to the idea of a woman as a symbolic head-of-state.
All the trappings, in other words, of a state visit save the absence of the Head of State herself.
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