And delivering genes directly to muscle cells might be risky, but it also would be undetectable.
Faulty genes lead to faulty cells, is the thinking.
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And the fact that the two groups used different sets of genes to turn skin cells into cells that act like they were taken from embryos mean that there is more than one way to cause this transformation.
Genzyme, he says, has its pick of the viruses that are used to insert genes into cells.
In 1993 she and her colleagues began inserting genes into yeast cells to coax them into producing proteins that form the exterior coat of the nastier HPV strains.
In a recent development, embryonic stem cells have been created by using viruses to modify the genes of skin cells.
It was thought that having these mutations, to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, could make healthy cells less able to repair any damage caused by radiotherapy.
It also may serve as another warning: As scientists know, when they mess with genes to alter the destiny of cells, they may unleash the unexpected.
And while genes design proteins to build specific cells, the other 98% of DNA influences how each gene will express itself as a certain kind of organism with certain attributes.
It changed the destiny of the cells, by altering which genes were being used in the cells, to transform them into hair cells.
The aim is to map how genes and the proteins they produce interact within cells in order to gain a better understanding of what goes wrong in the body to cause disease.
It might then be possible to patch into one of the surviving cells replacements for whatever genes were regarded as needing to be changed.
For acquired diseases, such as cancer, gene-therapy trials are introducing genes that are intended to kill cancerous cells.
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It is the genes that cells use as templates to create the proteins which build and maintain our bodies.
In total, the expression of 42 genes linked to vital processes in human cells was altered by the presence of E. faecalis in this state.
Researchers hope to find new biomarkers in cells, molecules or genes which may explain why some individuals or groups are more susceptible to disease than others.
From this endeavour, it was found that Columba livia's DNA holds about 17, 300 genes - the codes used by cells to implement the biochemistry needed to build and maintain the animal's body.
Cancer vaccines attempt to train the immune system to identify cancer cells by the genes they are over-expressing, and then destroy them.
Instead, they used a measure called recombination distance, a gauge of how likely genes are to be reshuffled when sperm and egg cells are produced.
Researchers have developed methods of inserting genes to "turn back the clock" on cells that have already specialized, so that they can turn into anything again.
They will spend many years trying to work out precisely what the genes all do and how they interact to build and maintain the body's cells.
These are the same four genes that seemed to be very active in embryonic stem cells.
In the test tube, antisense compounds failed to enter the cells containing the target genes.
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T-cells survived in 15 of the patients, although in most of them the degree to which those cells expressed the modified genes waned.
And what they found was that after a few days, these genes that they added were able to get the skin cells to start behaving just like embryonic stem cells.
Gene therapy, a set of medical technologies that plant new genes in a person's cells in order to produce missing proteins, might be used both to save lives and to ramp up athletic performance.
Longevity genes appear to slow down the aging process by making cells and tissues more stress-resistant, better able to withstand the inevitable environmental insults that accumulate over a lifetime from bad diet, inflammation, radiation, genetic mutations and toxic chemical by-products called free radicals.
He analyzed cells that had metastasized to see what genes were overactive.
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