As cosmic rays batter their way through the atmosphere, they knock electrons off gas molecules, creating electrically charged ions.
Methane hydrates are frozen water molecules that trap methane gas molecules in a crystalline, lattice-like structure known as a hydrate.
These, in case you did not know, are small electric motors whose shafts rotate on bearings made of gas molecules.
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The mathematics of gas molecules are well understood, and provide a surprisingly good starting point for analysing the behaviour of cars.
Having developed this basic model, the researchers then adjusted for the fact that, in practice, cars behave somewhat differently from gas molecules.
It is the hot gas molecules that act as the radiators and the icy mantles of the interstellar grains are the main reservoirs where the gas molecules can come from.
The two researchers began by imagining that the cars on a motorway behave like molecules in a gas.
Molecules of the gas seem to fit into pores in these surfaces, though exactly why they prefer some pores over others is unclear.
That applies not only to liquid molecules, but pipeline gas as well.
Also, a gas molecule does not care what other molecules far away from it are doing.
Just as in a container, molecules in an inter-galactic gas cloud absorb certain wavelengths and leave a pattern of dark lines on a quasar's spectrum.
These molecules appear at the fringe of the cloud of gas whose gravitational collapse and subsequent heating signals the birth of a star.
One model which materialists use for their reductive view of consciousness is from physics: for instance, in the reduction of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics, the temperature of a gas is explained in terms of the mean kinetic energy of its constituent molecules.
M. smithii harvests hydrogen molecules from neighboring microbes in the gut, which it then transforms into methane gas.
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