Tomlinson came into the event as the man in form but his best effort on a damp night was his final jump of 7.79m.
Briton Nathan Douglas finished a disappointing 10th with a best of 16.48 but Idowu, who opted not take his final jump with victory already assured, once again delivered on the big stage.
BBC: Phillips Idowu wins European Athletics triple jump gold
With everything hanging on her final jump, Friedrich had the bar raised to 2.06m and, with total silence in the stadium, looked to have cleared it until she clipped the bar with her heel.
And victory went a long way to erasing the painful memories of the last World Championships in Seville in 1999, when she lost the title to Spain's Niurka Montalvo on a controversial final jump.
Phillips Idowu progressed to the triple jump final with a leap of 17.32 metres.
During the morning session, England's Chris Tomlinson (7.95m) and Greg Rutherford (7.74m) qualified for the men's long jump final.
In the women's triple jump final , Jamaica's Trecia Smith defended her title on with a season-best leap of 14.19m.
Greg Rutherford qualified for the men's long jump final with a personal best leap of 7.99m, while Steve Lewis comfortably cleared 5.70m to make the pole vault final.
The hope is that with the stimulus you can give a jump-start to consumer final demand.
Nathan Douglas, who failed to qualify for the World Championships final, finished sixth in his triple jump contest.
British duo Greg Rutherford and Chris Tomlinson missed out on medals in the final of the men's long jump.
In the long jump Rutherford produced a patchy final performance and could not match his new national record (8.30m) he achieved in qualifying.
However, disaster struck immediately in the small final as she failed to ride the first jump and bowed out.
The Bulls can now jump to fourth place in the final round of matches - but they must win at Castleford and hope Warrington slip up against Huddersfield.
The 14 athletes for the high jump will automatically progress to the final on 30 July, while competitors from the other events will begin their respective bids for glory with one less round to contend with.
Witness the excitement and improved TV ratings for Kentucky's NCAA title run, engineered by a coach with two previous vacated Final Four teams and a lineup of stars expected to jump to the NBA after a few semesters.
If either team is upset in its final two games, the possibility exists that Notre Dame will jump into at a minimum, the number-two spot.
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Defending champion Evora, who beat Idowu by five centimetres in Beijing, had three attempts to beat Idowu's winning jump, but could only manage a leap of 17.55 on his final attempt.
Bottom line, I believe these strong speeches strung together -- first former President Bill Clinton, then keynote speaker Barack Obama, vice president pick John Edwards on Wednesday, and Kerry on the final night -- all of that will ultimately produce a strong, single-digit jump in the polls.
The final season will quickly resolve this year's assassination attempt cliffhanger, and fans can expect a time jump and a return to the suburbs.
He was firmly on course for gold after qualifying for the final round as joint-leader with Ireland's Jessica Kuerten, who also suffered in her last jump by picking up 21 penalties.
The 20-year-old led the qualifying for Tuesday's final but, despite being the current European champion and ranked third in the world, he could not find the jump which would have earned him a medal.
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